BON
B O N
and weaknefs of the fubjed,_ and that of the mufcles or tendons ' which are to be replaced. Add, tnat as it is neceffary, the power which retains the body be equal to that which pulls the diflocated member : in this machine, the fame rope which pulls the limb, repels the body j and that the machines hitherto con- trived, have only ferved for luxations of the fhoulder, and that of the hip, which are made upwards, and where the members are fhortened ; whereas this ferves for fractures as well as luxa- tions, and not only where the members are, fhortened, but where they are longer. Mem. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1716. p. 330, feq.
The replacing a diflocated bone of a horfe, is a work of much difficulty, and requires great force : they ufually caft the beaft on a foft place, put four ftrong patterns on his feet, and draw him from the ground, that his whole weight may, in a man- ner, reft on the disjointed member, Some tie a leathern thong about the paftern, fattening the other end of it to a yielding flirub, and thus whip the creature to make him (train with all his force, till the bone fly into its place>
Fojfile, or petrified Bon es, are thofe found in the earth, frequently at great depths m , in all the ftrata, even in the bodies of ftones", and rocks °,— [ m Vid. Hook, Pofthum. Works, p. 313, 436, 438, 444: n Woodw. Nat. Hift. Earth, P. 2. p. 77. ° Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 17 rg. p. 30.] There are divers forts of foflile bones ; fome of a huge fize, ufually fuppofed to be the bones of giants p , but more truly of elephants 1 , or hippopotami r ; other fmaller, as vertebra?, teeth -", and the like.— [p Vid. Kirch. Mund. Subterr. T. 2. 1. 8. fed. 2. 4. §. 1. p. 53, Plott, Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. 5. §. 157. Ejufd. Nat. Hift! Stafford, c. 8. §. 109. Phil.Tranf. N° 6. p. in. Item, N tf 168. p. 880. Item, N<> 261. p. 488. Hift. Acad. Infcript. T. 2. p. 268. 1 Vid. Kirch, lib. citat. p. 59. Phil. Tranf. N° 274. p. 924- Item, N° 327. p. 5Y3. Item, p. 171, 141. Item, N° 234. p. 757^ Item, N° 403. p. 457, and p. 497. r Mem. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1724. p. 309. s Woodw. Cat. For. FoiT. p. 22.] It has been difputed whether thefe be really animal fubftances, or mineral ; that is, ftones thus figured l . Modern naturalifts generally allow them to be animal, not merely on account of their figure and refemblance, but of their chemical principles, which are found to be wholly of the animal kind u . 'Tis fup- pofed they were repofited in thofe ftrata at a tune when all things were in a ftate of folution, and that they incorporated and petrified with the bodies where they happened to be lodged *. — [ l Kirch, lib. cit. p. 60, feq. Plott, Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. 5.
1 •§. 142, feq. p. 127. u JimSf. Confp. Chem. Tab. 10. p. 283. Item, p. 292. Verdr. Phyf. P. 2. c. 6. §. 8. p. 485. w Woodw. loc. cit. Item, Nat. Hift. Eng. FoiT. P. 2. p. 3, & p. 1 1 1, &c. See alfo, concerning Foflile Bones, Phil. Tranf. N" 272. p. 883. Item, N° 360. p. 964. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3. feet. 1. c. 1. p. 254. Affalt. Not. ad Mercat. Metalloth. Arm. 9. c. 65. p. 327.]
Bone is alfo applied abuftvely in fpeaking of other matters which bear fome analogy either in refped of ftrudure or office, to the bones of animals.
In this fenfe, rocks are fometimes called the bones of the earth x . Divers fpecies of figured ftones, as the cephalites, cardites, CSV. are denominated mineral bones, enofta, ofteocolla ?, &c. Some naturalifts confider (hells as a fpecies of bones. The lobfter, according to Fontenelle, is an animal which carries its bones on its outfide z . — [ x Kirch. Mund. Subterr. 1. ^. c. 18. T. 1. p. 108. y Plott, Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. 5. §. 142. Kirch, ubi fupra, 1. 8. fee. 2. c. 4. T. 2. p. 60. % Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1709. p. 20, & 22.]
Giants Bones. See Giants bones.
Mammout BoNSS. See Mammout.
BoNE-/fW. See Bcne-FiRE.
BONGO pala, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the tree which produces the nutmeg. Pifo, Mant. Arom. p. r£j-
BONIFACIA, in botany, a name ufed by John Bauhine, and fome others, to.exprefs the broad-leaved rufcus, or butchcr's- broom, commonly called the Alexandrian bay. See the ar- ticle Ruscus.
BONITO, in zoology, the name of a fifh, of the tunny or tra- churus-kind, and called by fome curvata pinima. It is a large fea-fifh, with a long, broad, and thick body : its eyes are large, as are alfo its gills, and the greater part of its body is free from fcales. It is a fifh of very great beauty ; its fkin is fmooth in the intermediate fpaces, but it has a number of fcaly and very elegant lines. One broad ftreak, covered with fcales, and of a fine gold-colour, runs along the middle of each fide, from the gills to the tail. Near the origin of this, there begins alfo another line, which runs parallel with it for two thirds of the length of the body; then it cuts obliquely the former line, and, 'after this, is again continued parallelly with it to the tail. This iecond line, from its origin to the place where it cuts the firft, has a double feries of extremely fmall fcales, and is very fmobth j but, from this part to the tail, it has a double row of larger fcales, and is rough, as if made of a feries of the teeth of fome fifties. It is of a greenifh colour on the back and fides, and of a filvery whitenels, and very bright on the belly. It has fevai fins, two oblong ones behind the gills, two others below thefe in the lower part of the body, one in the middle of the belly, and another oppofite to it on the middle of the back, %
and another between that and the head, and from the laft back and belly-fin.. It has others narrow and continuous, reaching to the tail, which is forked. It is an extremely common fifh in fome feas ; our Eaft-India fhips ufually fall in with immenie flioals of them. Wil'ughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 179.
BONNA, in natural hiftory, a name given by Pliny, and fome other of the antient Latin writers, to the bonaj'us. See the article Bonasus.
BONNET (CycL) — A bonnet, among mariners, denotes an ad- dition of a piece to a fail ; fo that when they fay, the ftiip has her courfe and bonnet abroad, the meaning is, that fbe has a piece of fail added to her courfe, that is, to her fail, which be- fore fhe had not, or ordinarily has not. Botel. Sea Dial. 4. p. 158, feq.
Bonnets are commonly one third of the depth of the fails they belong to. Manw. Seam. Did. Aubin. Did:. Mar. p. 100. "What the bonnet is to the courfe, that is the drabler to the bon- net; being only in ufe when the courfe and bonnet are too (hal- low to cloath the maft : there are alfo bonnets in form of fheaths, being fmall fails fattened by the narrow end to each extremity of the yards, wider at bottom than at top, of good ufe when the fea is fmooth. Aubin, Did. Marin, p. 10 1. The words are, lace on the bonnet* that is, faften it to the courfe; Jhah off the bonnet, that is, take it off the courfe.
BONNY, in mineralogy, a name given by our miners to a bed of ore found in many places in hills, not forming a vein, nor communicating with any other vein, nor terminating in ftrings, as the true veins do : it is a bed of ore of five or fix fathom deep, and two, or fomewhat lefs than that, in thick- nefs, in the largeft fort ; but there are fmaller, to thofe of a foot long. They have their trains of ihoad-ftones from them, and often deceive the miners with the expectation of a rich lead vein. They differ from the fquats only in being round beds of ore, whereas thofe are flat. Philof, Tranfad. N c 69. p. 2098. See Squat.
BONOSIANI, orBoNOSTACi, an antient branch of Adiptiani* in the fourth century, denominated from their leader B-mofus* a bifhop of Macedonia. Prateol. Elench. Hseret. p. 103. The Bonofiani were prior to the Fdician't, and even to Nefto- rius ; whence fome rather confider them as a branch of Arians. They allowed Chrift to be no otherwife the fon of God than by adoption. Vid. Forbes* Inftrud. Hift. Theol. 1. 6. c. 1. IJid. Orig. 1. 8. c. 5. Ireland. Difl*. de Felice Urge!, fed. r. §.9. Vogt. Bibl. Hift. Ha:ref. T. 1. p. 363, feq. ;
BONPOURN1KEL, a denomination given to a coarfe kind of bread ufed in Weftphalia; See Bread.
BQNS-bornmes, or 'Boii-hommes, a fort of hermits of St. Augu- ftin, found by F. de Paula, of whom there were three colleges in England ; the firft was fettled at Afhridge in Bucks, by Edmund earl of Cornwal, in 1283. SeeKenn. Paroch. Antiq. p. 300, 302. Steph. Suppl. to Dugd. T. 2. p. 276, feq.
The name is faid to have arifen from Lewis XL of France, who ufed to call F. de Paula, prior of the order, le bon homme. Till then they had been called the Minimi, or the order of Grammont. Menag. Orig. p. 110. SJcin. Etym. in voc. Du Cange, GlorT. Lat. T. 1. p. 584. voc. Bom-hommes.
Bon -homines, Boni-homines, was alfo an appellation given to the Albigenfes, or at leaft to a fed in the county of Tholoufe, condemned in 1176. Du Cange, GloiT. Lat. T. 1. p. 584. voc. Boni-homines. Trev. Did. Univ. T. I. p. 1109. See the article Albigenses.
BONT-i>//?/;, in zoology, the name given by the Dutch to an Eaft-Indian fifh, feer.ung to approach to the nature of the Eu- ropean turdus, but that it has no fcales. It is about a foot long, and confiderably thick ; its colour is a dufky brown, and the tail and fins are of this hue, as well as the body, and the whole fifh is variegated with blue fpots; its mouth is fmall, and it is flreaked with blue lines under the belly. It is a well tafted and extremely valued fifh, but it is faid to have fomething poi- fonous about it; which is carefully to be taken out. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 6. See Tab. of fifties, N° 64.
BONTJA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- raders of which are thefe : the perianthium confifts of one leaf, divided into five obtufely pointed fegments ; it is ered, very fmall, and permanent ; the flower confifts of one petal, and is of the labiated kind ; the tube is long and cylindric, and the mouth open ; the upper lip is ered and emarginated, and the lower is turned back, and lightly divided into three feg- ments, and is of the fame fize with the upper ; the ftamina are four fubulated filaments, of the length of the flower, placed under its upper lip, and bent into its fhape ; two of them are fomew-hat fhorter than the others ; the antheras are fimple ; the gcrmen of the piuil is oval ; the ftyle is fimple, and of the length of the ftamina ; and the ftigma bifid and obtufe ; the fruit is a large drufa of an oval figure, and the feed a fingle nut of an oval figure, withonly one cell. Linnat Gen. Plant. p. 290.
BONZES, or Bonzus, a name given to the priefts and religious of China, Japan, and Tonquin.
The bonzes are tne great adverfaries of the miffio.naries ; and to their influence are attributed the perfections which have been raifed in thofe countries againft.the chriftians. Fabric. Lux. Evang. c. 39. p, 668.
They genet ally live in a fort of community, in pbces apart,
or
