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vented for the improvement cf an old one;, before any attempt is made to apply it in the larger way, it fhould be experiment ed in miniature; as the aflay-mafter tells the owner of an ore whether it will be worth the erecting large works for it, or not. Shaw's Left. p. 414.
Technical Chemistry. By technical chemijlry is meant the ap- plication of philofophical chemijlry to the immediate fcrvice of arts, fo as by its means to invent, form, aflift, promote, or perfect them in the large way of bufinefs. Shaw's Lectures, p.4 1 3
Theory a/Chemistry. See Theory.
CHEMOSIS, x«»«tfi fometimes corruptly written x^k, ir medicine, a difeafe of the eyes, proceeding from an inflam- mation, when the white of the eye fwells above the black, and overtops it to fuch a degree, that there appears a fort of hiatus or gap between them, whence it takes its name. Galen calls it a. red and carnous inflammation of the cornea tunica, Vid. Gorr. Def. Med. p. 507. and Cajl. Lex. Med. in voc. Dr. Burghart, in a tbemofis where the cornea was already burft, dilated the opening, and extracted the cryftalline lens, which had come forward before the ins. The lens was fo changed and fuppurated, that it refembled a piece of white amber : after extradting it, the pain of the eye became milder. Med. Efl~. Edinb.
CHENCE, in old cuftoms, feems to be much the fame as ama byr. Blount. Law Diet. See Amabyr, Cycl.
Faujfe CHENILLES, bajlard caterpillars. SeeFAUSSE.
CHENISCUS, among the antients, an ornament in the form of little gcefe, ufed on the prows andfterns of their fliips. Hofm. Lex, in voc.
CHENOCOPRUS, Xww*g<wrga?j goofe-dung, in medicine, is ac- counted very acrimonious and refolvent, and therefore pre- ferred with fuccefs in the jaundice. The greenifh dung is efteemed the heft. It is gathered in the meadows in (bring time, and being dried with a moderate heat, and pulveriled, is given from half a dram to a full dram at a dofe. It is recom- mended alfo in the fcurvy, and other difealbs. Vid. James, Med. Diet, in voc.
CHENOPODIUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower has no petals, but is compofed only of a multitude of ftamina ariiing from a many-leav'd cup. The piftil finally becomes a flat orbiculated feed, which is contained in a itar-fafhioned capfule, which was the cup.
The fpecies of chenopodium enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1 The chenopodium commonly called goofefoot. 2. The goof e- foot, with more pointed leaves. 3. The chenopo- dium,v,'ith white finuated leaves, commonly called wild finuated atriplex. 4. The ftinking chenopodium, called the ftinking orache. 5. The lefler narrow-leav'd jagged chenopodium. 6. The jagged-leayd chenopodium, with purple fops. 7. The jagged chenopodium, with great tops. 8. The triangular- leav'd chenopodium. 9. The heet-lezwd. chenopodium. 10. The Ame- rican chenopodium, with filvery ferrated leaves. 1 1. The blite- leav'd American chenopodium. 12. The chenopodium called botrys and oak of jerufalem, with finuated leaves. 13. The Mexican botrys. 14. The hairy, fiax-leav'd chenopodium. 15. The annual procumbent chenopodium, with ftiort capilla- ceous leaves. 1 6. The tall Spanifh chenopodium, with deltoide leaves. Town. Inft. p. 506,
CHENSERS, in our ftatutes, is ufed for fuch as paid tribute or cenfe, quit-rent or chief-rent. Blount. Law Diet, in voc.
CHERAMIS, x>^«f/,K, in antiquity, a medical meafure. Ac- cording to Erotian on Hippocrates, it was the hollow of a fliell filh called myax, and took that name from x^e*/* ^ which fignifies a hollow place. It frequently occurs in Hippocrates, and feems not much different from the chema, which in Ga- kn's cxegefis is expounded by it. Cornavius alfo explains theramis by the meafure of a chema ; and Calvus on another paflage expounds it by a pugil. Vid. Foef. p. 678. Cajl. Lex. Med. in voc. See Chema.
CHEREF, a title aflumed by the emperors of Morocco. See Caliphate.
CHEREM, among the Jews, is ufed to fignify a fpecies of an- nihilation. See Annihilation.
The Hebrew word cherem lignifies properly to deftroy, exter- minate, devote, anathematize. Calm. Diet, in voc.
Cherem is fometimes likewife taken for that which is confe- crated, vowed or offered to the Lord, fo that it may no longer be employed in common or profane ufes. No devoted thing that a man fhall devote unto the Lord, of all that he hath, of man and bcaft, and of the field of his pofleffion, fhall be fold or redeemed i every devoted thing is moft holy to the Lord : none devoted, which fhall be devoted of men, lhall be redeem- ed, but mail furely be put to death. There are fome who af- fect, that the perfons thus devoted were put to death ; whereof Jepththa's daughter is a memorable example. Judg. xi. 29, &c. Calm Diet. Bibl. in voc.
Cherem is alfo ufed for a kind of excommunication in ufe among the Jews. See Niddui.
CHERMITES, or Chernites, in the natural hiftory of the antients, a name given by many to a fpecies of very bright and white marble or alabafter, which feems to have been the fame with that called afterwards lygdinum marmor. See Lyg-
DlNUM.
CHERNIBSj XqtfT, in antiquity, a vefie! wherein people ufed to wafli their hands before they went to attend religious fervice The word is derived from %»?, the hand, and nA, to wafli,
CHERRY (Cycl.) — The feveral forts of cherry trees are propa- gated by binding or grafting the feveral kinds into ftocks of the black or wild red cherries, which areftrong mooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds. The ftones of thefe two kinds are fown in a bed of light fandy earth in autumn, and the young ftocks produced from them are to remain where they rife till thefecond autumn after their fowing, when in October they fhould be planted out into a rich earth, at three foot diftance from row to row, and at about ten inches diftance in the rows. The fecond year after the planting out, they will be fit to bud, if they are intended for dwarfs, but if they are intended for ftandards, they will not be tall enough till the fourth year ; for they fhould be budded or grafted near fix feet from the ground. The grafting is ufually performed in fummer, and the head of the ftock is to be cut off in the beginning of the March following, about fix- inches above the bud ; and if the bud has fhot well, and there is any fear of its being difplaced by winds, it rauft be gently tied up to the part of the ftock left above it. The autumn afterwards, thefe trees will bent to remove, and be fet wheie they are to remain ; or they may be left two years. Many, when they plant thefe trees in their places, lop off a great part of their heads, but this is an injury that often kills them ; and when they efcape, they feldom get well over it for four or five years. If the trees are intended for walls, it is advifable to plant dwarfs between the ftandards, that thefe may cover the lower part of the wall, while the others fpread over the upper part; and when the dwarfs rife to fill the whole walls, the ftandards fhould be taken entirely away. When thefe trees are taken up from the nurfery, the dead fibres of the roots muft be carefully taken off, and the upper part of the ftock which is above the bud, muft be cut off clofe down to the back part of it : the bud muft be placed directly from the wall. Cherry trees thrive beft on a dry hazley loam, and in a gravelly foil are very fubject to blights, and feldom ftand long good. They fhould be placed at fourteen feet afundcr, with a ftan- dard tree between each two. In pruning thefe trees, their ftioots fhould never befiiortened, for they moftly produce their fruit from their extreme part. All the foreright fhoots are to be difplaced, and the others trained horizontally ; and where there is a vacancy in the wall, the branches being fhortened, will throw up a ftioot or two to fill it. Mill. Gard. Diet. See the article Cerasus.
CHERSA, called alfo fecula, in fome medical writers, fignifies a root reduced to a farinaceous powder. This way of pre- paration fome condemn % as exhaufting the virtues of the drug, and rendering it good for nothing ; others defend it b .— [* Vid. Zwoe.fer. Animad. adPharm. Aug. Etmul. ad Ludo- vic. Dirt Pharm. b Wedel. Pharm. Acroamatic. 1. 2. §. 3. c. 2. p. 317, feq. Cajl. Lex. in voc] "
CHERS./EA, x^craia, earthy, an epithet of one of the three fpecies of afps. It is mentioned by Galen and yEaineta. Cajl. Lex. in voc.
CHERSETUM, in old cuftoms, is ufed for churcheffet. See Church-Scot, Cycl.
CHERSYDRUS, x^o-vS^c, an amphibious ferpent ; fo called, becaufe it lives firfr. in watery places, whence it is called hy- drus ; after which it ftiifts its habitation, and lives on dry ground, and thence has its compound appellation cherfydrus. Vid. Aldrm. 1, 1. de Serp. & Drac. c. 17. Cajl. Lex. Med. in voc.
CHERT, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome of our mi- ners to a peculiar fine kind of ftone found in ftrata, but of the hardnefs and fmoothnefs of flint. It is called alfo in fome places whern, and by fome authors nicomia. See Nicomia. Dr. Marty n, when he examined the mines of Derbyfhire, found great quantities of this ftone, and that in fome places varying from its common colours and manner of appearance. In fome places, inftead of the thin ftrata which this ftone ufually forms, he found it in beds of three or four yards thick, and fometimes much more. Such thick ftrata of it he alfo found in the peak of Derbyfhire. He obferved, that thejr were always found among ftrata of limeftone, and that fome- times the chert did not form regular ftrata, but lay in large loofe nodules. In many places the chert was black, and in others of a dark greenifh colour, much like what painters call fap green, which is a preparation of the juice of buckthorn berries; the workmen hence call them black cherts, and green cherts. Phil. Tranf. N° 407.
CHERUB, or Cherubjm (Cycl) —The term cherub in He- brew is fometimes taken for a calf or an ox. Ezekiel fetS down the face of a cherub, as fy nonymous to the face of an ox \ The word cherub in Syriac and Chaldee, fignifies to till or plough, which is the proper work of oxen. Cherub alfo figni- fies ftrong and powerful. Grotius fays, that the cherubims were figures much like that of a calf. Boclurt thinks likewife, that the cherubims were more like to the figure of an ox than to any thing befides ; and Spencer is of the fame opinion. Laftly, St, John b in the Revelations calls cherubims, beafts. Jofephus fays c , the ckerubims were extraordinary creatures, and of a fi- gure unknown to mankind. Clemens of Alexandria d believe.-;
that
