COR
poffonouS ; but this is carrying the terror of them tOb far. Copper in any form is a violent imd inftantaneous emetic. A fmgle grain of the corhmdn verdigreafe is an immediate vomit, working as foon asfwallowed; and therefore, in cafes ofpoifon, j "-ift taken, where the firft bufinefs is to throw it up again, no-- thing is fo efficacious. We rind that even foods, fuffered to /rand long in, copper vefiels, acquire an emetic quality, which foretimes has very bad effects. Milk, oil, and butter, are food antidotes in this cafe.
The preparations of copper, are, i. Flos arts, or flowers of topper. 2. 'Mrugo ark, or verdigreafe. 3. Msujlum, or burnt hopper. 4. Sqitamma aris, or the flake of copper. 5. The ens veneris of Mr. Boyle. 6. Aqua jappbirina, a famous eye-water, of a blue colour. See JiLs, Verdi grease, &c.
Copper ere. The method of procuring the metal from a pure and fufibie copper ore is this : mix one or two centners of the ore for an aflay, beaten to a very fine powder with fix centners of the black flux ; put the powder into a crucible, and cover ithalfan inch high with common fait ; prefs the whole down with the finger, but let the capacity of the veffel he fuch, that it may be only half full ; fhut the veffel clofe with a lute, and put it into the furnace. Increafe the fire (lowly, till the com- mon fait crackles ; tfien increafe it fo far that the veffel may prefdntly be made red hot,and after about a quarter of an hour's ftanding in this heat, the metal will be fcparated : then take out the veffel, and fetting it on the floor, ftrike with a few
, blows of a hammer near where it ftands, to make the metal get together at the bottom. Break the veffel, when grown cold, in two, from top to bottom, as nearly as you can, and you
. will find a folid, and malleable regulus at the bottom. Cramer's
Art of Affaying, p. 301. COPPERAS (Cycl.) — The alum workers in Yorkshire have an opinion that if their liquor ftands beyond the ufual time in the pans, it will turn to copperas. The mailers of the works have
■ inculcated this ftory to make them diligent, and it is as firmly believed among them as if it were a real truth.
Copperas Jlone. S*e Pyrites.
COPPICES. See Woods.
GOPROCRITICA, medicines which purge away the excrements
in the guts. Blancara% COPROPfiAGOS, the dung-jly, in natural hiftory, the name
■ given by many authors to the common yellowim fly found on human excrements. There are feveral other fpecies found on the excrements of various animals, and thence called merdi- vora:. See Fly.
COR {Cycl.) — CoK marinum, in hatural hiftory, the name of ©ne of t&e claffes of the echini vxarini, the-chara£ters of which are, that the anus is placed in the fide of that point of the fliell Which appears as if cut off; and the mouth has two lips, and is- placed in the third region of the axis of the bafe. Kleins Echin. p. 34.
Cor Veneris, Wenta's heart- a name given by authors who treat of fhel.'s, to a very elegant kind of the cordiformis, or hcart-ihell, which has more of the (hape of a real heart than the bucar- dium, or any other fliell of this genus. There are only three
■ known fpecies of the cor Veneris, I, A denticulated one, with very elegant, rofe-coloured fpots. 2. The white boat-ihell, furrowed on the infide. And, 3. The little, rofe-coloured
■ tied. Thefe are all very elegant fhells. See He art -Jheli CORACIAS, in natural hiftory, a name given by many writers
to the belemmtts, called by others lapis Lyncurius, and daftylus
■ Idxus. See Belemnites.
Coracias, in zoology, a name ufed by Linnxus forthe^rVfl or pye. This bird makes, in that author's fyftem, a diftinci ge- nus ; the characters of which arc, that the inner tail feathers grow gradually one longer than another. SeeTab. of Birds, N° 8. and Linnai Syftem. Natur. p. 44,
This bird is called by fome the pyrrhocorax, and in Englifh the Cornijh chough. It is of the (hape of the jackdaw, but of the fize of the common crow. Its beak is red, long, and fome- what hooked at the end. It frequents rocks, and ruined build- ings about the fea fhores, and is found about the high cliffs, all along the weftern fhore of England. Its voice is much like
■ that of the jackdaw, but is more hoarfe and rough, Ra/s.Oi- nithol. p 86.
COR ACINUS, in zoology, the name of a fea fiih caught in the
- Mediterranean, and called by fome authors skuzna, and by
Aldrovand and Salvian umbra \ it is of the colour of the com- mon tench, but in figure more approaches to the pearch : its fcales are fmall ; its mouth not very large, but well furuifhed with teeth ; and its tail is not forked, but when extended, fcems of a roundifti figure ; the ends of the rays or nerves of the tail-fin are black, and the other fins are all black, and feem as if dyed with ink. Ronde'et de Pifc. 1- 5. c. 8. p. 1 zH. CORACOBRACHIAL^ (Cycl ) — This is a long mufcle, lying on the infide of the upper half of the os humeri, that is. on that fide which anfwers directly to the hemifphere of the head of the bone, and to the prominent internal condyle. It is fixed above to the point of the coracoide apophyfis, between the infertions of the biceps, and the pe&oraiis minor, by a tendon, which as it defcends, adheres a good way to the tendons of thefe two mufcles; afterwards it becomes fleihy, and is inferted by a broad thin extremity, with a fmall mixture of tendinous fibres xn the middle part of the os humeri, clofe by the ligamentary £upjpxi. Vol. I.
COR
fbemiffl of the IatifTimus dorfi, and teres major. Its inferticn is continued down below the framum, near the internal inter- mufcular ligament, to which it likewiib adheres a.lktle. This mufcle paffes behind the tendon of the pedloralis major; and as
. it is perforated in the middle, to give paffagc to a nerve, it has by fome been termed perferalus CaJ/erii, that author being the firft who gave a particular figure of it. Its other name is taken from its infertions. JVinftovSs Anatomy, p. 184.
CORACOMANTES, KopHtapajfa, fa antiquity, a kind of di- viners, who made their predictions by obfeTvittg tKe crows. Pott. Arch. 1. 2. c. 8. T. 1. p. 266.
CORACORADIALIS, in anatomy, a name given by fome au- thors to a mufcle generally known by the name of the biceps j the pefcetto of the Italian authors; and the primus jleiieniium etibitum, of Vefalius, and others of his time.
CORAL, [Cycl.) corallium, in botany, the name of a genus of fea plants, diftinguifhed from all others by a Aipcrior hardnefs, approaching to that of {tones. See Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 17,
The fpecies of coral enumerated by Mr. ToUrncfort are thefe: t. The common red coral. 2. The elegant, bright red coral. 3. The bright, light red coral. 4. The rofe- coloured coral. 5. The brownifh red coral. 6. The yel- lowim, coral. 7. The variegated, red and white coral. 8. The plain white coral. 9. The white, geniculatcd coral. 10. The white fingered coral, with contiguous arid flattiih branches. 1 1. The brittle, white, many-fingered coral, with equal and contiguous branches. 12. The foliated, white coral. 13. The foliated, curled, violet-coloured, American coral. 14. The red, curled, American coral. TWn.tnft p. 572.' We hear fome naturalifts talk of blue, green, and yellow corals, and we are apt to defpife fuch accounts, as knowing that all the corals prefcrved in the cabinets, and found in the works of artifts in all nations, are either white or red. It feems, indeed, very certain, that there is no coral intrinfically of any other than one or the other of thefe colours, yet if the perfons who defcribe thefe painted kinds have been at fea, they may, in fome places have feen what they defcribe, though they would never be able to bring any fuch thing home with them. All the corals, as they grow at the bottom of the fea, are, as we fee them, red or white, in their proper fubftance ; but thofe which grow in deep water are often covered completely over with a coat of a tough, gelatinous matter, refembimg glue. This is frequently coloured with thofe elegant tinges which dye the bottom of the fea in deep water ; and they, in this ftate appear, as taken up out of the water, to be blue, green, purple, and the like. Thus thofe who fay they have feen co* rah of thefe colours taken up out of the fea, may be in the right, as to appearance; but this colour being only in the jelly that covers the plant, is not to be preferved, but if this is rubbed off, the furface goes with it, and leaves the plant of its natural colour ; and if the whole be attempted to be dryed to- gether, the colour vanilhes as the moifture evaporates, and the plant, when dried, is found only covered with a dirty yeliowiih. cruft. Marfiglt, Hift. Phyf. de la Mer.
RedCoRAL. The effects of vegetable diftilled oils on coral, by the help of a long digeftion, is fuch as could not have been imagined, till the experiments of Dr. Langelot (hewed that they were a fort of folvent for that refractory fubftance. This gentleman had put fra-.imms of red coral into fome dif- tilled vegetable oil, and let them ftand many months, in hopes of drawing a tincture from them ; but Without fuccefs. At length having a digsfting furnace at work, he placed the glafs in which the coral and oil were, in the furnace among the other things ; the confequence was, that after about a month's digeftion, the pieces of coral were found to be fwelled, and higher coloured than before, and with a few days longer con- tinuance of the fame heat, the whole quantity of coral had loft: its original figure, and was blended together into a red muci- lage, the oil ftill fwimming above it in its priftine form, and not at all altered in colour : the moft violent agitation of the veffel could not caufe thefe two fubftanccs to mix together, and all the artifice that could be ufed, proved vain toward the ting- ing the oil with a red colour. After long trial in the fame, and an advanced heat, the oil was poured off a r clear as before, and very little altered in fmell, or other qualities ; and tartarifed fpirit of wine being poured on the remainder, with a very fhort digeftion took a very highly red tintSture. This procefs is a great proof of the power of digeftion The common red coral yields, by diftillation in a retort, a vo- latile vitreous fpirit, in no inconfiderable quantity; this turns fyrup of violets green, and makes an cffcrvefcence with acids, and renders a folution of corrofive fublimate white and milky. And the fixed fait drawn from the refiduum produces a white coagulum in the fame f lution ; from which it is evident that it is not a mere alkali, but a fal falfum, In fome degree. Red coral calcined, even in a very gentle fire, becomes white ; the fame change alfo happens to it when infufed a long time in fome oily fubftanocs ; as the oils of anifc, fennel, or in white wax kept in fufion. The menftrua in this cafe acquireared colour in proportion as the coral lofes it. It appears from thefe, and feveral other experiments, that coral is not, a., fome fuppofe, a mere terreftriai abforbent, but that it contains a vo- latile urinous fait, and a bituminous oil combined with its 7 L earthy
