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flowering, their roots are fo finaH that the flowers they produce are but few. The roots, however, annually increafe in bulk, and the number of flowers increafes in proportion; fo that they will grow to fourteen inches in diameter, and, when of thisfize, will produce upwards of an hundred flowers in one feafon. The bell fcafon for tranfplanting thefe roots is in June and July, foon after the feed is perfefied ; but they fliould not be kept long out of the ground, for the roots are difpofed to fhoot out frelh fibres, with the firft moift weather after the feeds are fallen, and in about fix weeks produce their flowers, ■which appear upon long fingle footifalks before the leaves ap- pear: thefe fprout up after the flower is fallen, and remain green all the winter, and being of a fair green, and fpotted in the middle with white, they make a very pretty appearance, during that dead feafon. The pedicle of the flower afterwards twills like a fcrew, enclofing the embryo of the fruit, which is buried among the leaves, and, by that means, fcreened from the fe- verity of the winter, and ripens its feeds in June. Miller's Gardener's Dicf.
CYCLAS, in our old wri'ers, a long garment, clofe upwards, and open, or large below. Matt. Paris, fpeaking of the citi- zens of London, tells us they were cerkis vejlimentis ornati, cycladibus auri textis circundati. Anno 1 236.
CYCLOID (Cycl.) — The time in which a heavy body defcribes zfemi-cjcloid, by defending along it by its gravity, is to the, time in which it would fall through the diameter of the gene- rating circle by the fame gravity as the femi- circumference of a circle is to its diameter; Mac Laurin's Fluxions, Art. 407. See the fame book, Art 405 — 408, for the properties of the cycloid. See alfo his account of Sir Ifaac Newton's difcoveries, p. 296. for the properties of the cycloid, and the motion of a pendulum in that curve. On the fame fubject we have a fhort and elegant treatife by Mr. Cotes, Oper. Mifcel. p. 80. not to mention the horohgium ofcillatorium of Huygens, who firft applied the cycloid to regulate the motions of pendulums.
CYCLOPTERUS, in ichthyology, the name of a genus of the ferahehioftegous fifties, the characters of which are thefe : the branch ioftegc membrane on each fide contains fix fmall and cy- lindric bones. The body is of an oblong, globofe figure j the belly-fins unite at their extremities, fo as to form one circular fin,of the fhape of a funnel ; the fins are fix in number. We at prefent know only one fpecics, which is the lump-fijh, or fea owl. Ariedi Gen. Pifc. 40. See Lumpus. The name is of Greek origin, and is formed of the words ■xvr.xk a circle, and 9#po» a fin ; and expreffes that this fifh has fomething circular in its fins, thofe of the belly being concreted into this form. See Tab. of Fifhes, N° 32.
CYDER (Gel.) — The beft cyder of all the kinds is that made from the redltreak apple, grafted upon the gennetmoyle flock. Thefe two forts of apple-trees always agree very well, and the ftalks fcarce ever canker, as the crab-ftalks ufually do, when this apple-tree is grafted upon them. The fruit of the red- ltreak, on the ftock here recommended, is always larger, and milder, and, when ripe, is a very good eating apple, and the cyder made from it is mellower, and has not the over- roughnefs and aufterity that has which is made from the fame apple on the crab-flock ; the apples alio need lefs mellowing, in -order to their making into cyder, the ftalk, in a great degree, meliorating the fruit ; for as an apple grafted on a crab becomes better by obtaining an acrimony and quicknefs from the fruit, fo a crab, and the redftreak apple, as it is called, which is in it- felf no other, obtains foftnefs, mellownefs, and bignefs, by be- ing grafted on a good apple. Phil. Tranf. N 3 70. It might be a great improvement to many eftates, to cultivate, on the grounds not fit for corn, the proper forts of apples for cyder. It is a marketable commodity at all times, and cofts no fuel to brew itj and the labour is but once in the year. The greater quantities of cyder are made together, the better it ufu- ally fucceeds, but the veflels fhould alfo be large in which it is
1 kept. In this cafe it will not only keep many years, but will improve all the time. Phil. Tram. N° 134.
Pepin Cyder. This is a fort of cyder which, in many places, might be made in great quantities, where the redltreak cy- der apple will not thrive : the harfhnefs that is apt to be in this fort of cyder, is the only objection to its value, it being of a good body, and otherwife, in all refpects, com- mendable. The great reafon of this harihnefs is the light foulnefs; or, as the cjafcr-people exprefs it, the flying lee that always is in this fort. But it is cafy, by watching a proper time, to draw off the liquor from this into other veflels, or to {bain it through a cloth : in either cafe, much of the Ice will be left out, and the cyder lofe its harihnefs. Phil. Tranf. K° 70.
Cyder fpirit, a fpirituous liquor drawn from cyder by d iff illa- tion, in the fame manner as brandy from wine. The parti- cular flavour of this fpirit is not the moll agreeable, but it ■may, with care be diverted wholly of it, and rendered a per- fectly pure and infipid fpirit, upon rectification. The traders in fpirituous liquors are well enough acquainted with the va- lue of fuch a fpirit as this : they can give it the flavours of fome other kinds, and fell it under their names, or mix it in large proportion with the foreign brandy, rum, and arrack, in the fale, without danger of a difcovery of the cheat.
CYDONIA, the quince, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the ro- faceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals, arranged in a circular form ; the cup finally becomes a flefhy fruit, of a turbinated form, divided into cells within, and containing oblong feeds of a callous ftructure.
The fpecics of quince enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe : 1 . The common quince, with oblong, fmooth fruit. 2. The oblong- fruited quince, with a fmooth rind, and fweet- tafted pulp. 3. The quince with a fmall, oblong, downy, and not eatible fruit. 4. The quince with a fhort, and roundifh fruit. 5. The common, narrow-leaved quince. 6, 6. The broad-leaved, Portugal quince. Teutn.lnft. p. 632. There are three kinds of this tree propagated in the nur- feries about London ; the pem-quiuce, the apple- y«///i.v, and the broad-leaved Portugal quince.
The laft of thefe is molt eileemed for the delicate flavour of the fruit: they are all eafily propagated, either by lay- ers, fuckers, or cuttings, which emit be planted in a moift foil. Thofe raifed from fuckers arc feldom lb well rooted as the others, and are fubject to produce fuckers again, in a greater abundance, which is not to be wifhed in fruit-bear- ing trees.
The cuttings lhould be planted early in fpring, and, m dry weather, mull be often watered, to affift them in rooting ; the fecond year they fliould be removed into the nurfery, and fet in rows, at three feet diftance, and one foot afun- der in each row. In two or three years more, they will be fit to tranfpant where they are to Hand, which mould always be near a ditch, or river, or in fome moift foil ; where they will produce twice the quantity of fruit that they will in a dry one, and the fruit will alfo be much larger : but thofe in a drier foil are better tafted, and are earlier ripe. CYDONlTESj (Cycl.) in natural hiftory, the name of a ftone of the fhape of a quince. It feems to have been" a fantaftic name, given to any common flint, or pebble, that was acci- dentally found of that fhape, not appropriated to any peculiar fpecics of ftone. CYTMA, the fame with embryo. Elancard derives it frcm
xm, pario. CYGNUS, (Cycl.) the fiuai, in natural hiftory, a very well known bird ; but, befide the common tame fwan, there is an- other fpecics called the tviidfwan, and, in fome places, the elk y and in others, the hooper. It is fomewhat fmaller than the tame yiutfH, and is not of fo clear a white, the middles of the back feathers being greyiih ; the feet are of a yellowim brown. Hay's Ornithol, p. 272.
Bartholine has given an accurate account of the anatomy of this bird, and of the ftruiture of its ccfopbagus, and the wind- pipe, which is very remarkable. Thefe are fo framed that they go down together into the ffernum ; and, after reach- ing its bottom, they turn up again, and the windpipe riling out of the ftreights of the ftcrnum, climbs up the intermediate clavicles, on which it leans, as on a bafe, and then bends to the thorax ; but before it comes to the thorax and lungs, it forms a fort of larynx, with an os hvoides, covered with a thick membrane, and refembling a mufical pipe, wide above, but with a narrow flit, and flrait, and deprefled below : under this larynx, before the windpipe enters into the lungs, it is di- varicated into two branches like unto bronchia, thicker in the middle, but narrower where they are near the lungs. In this particular it differs from the human afpera arteria, which, it is true, is divided into branches, but that is not before it has en- tered into the lungs. Bartholin, Differt. de Cygni Anatom. Cygnus cucullatus, the hooded Jwan, a name very improperly given by fome authors to the dodo, a very large bird; rather ap- proaching to the calTowary kind, but not fo long legg'd, or long neck'd. Hay's Ornithol. p. 107. See Dodo. CYLINDRUS, in conchy liology, the name of a genus of fhell- fifh, of which there are many very elegant and precious fpe- cies. This genus is more generally, at prefent, called rhom- bus, though this is very improper, the word cylindrus very apt- ly exprefling the fhape of the fhell, which is cylindric and ob- long, and the rhombus, which fignifies that figure we call a lo- zenge, not being at all expreflive of it.
The characters of this genus are thefe: it is an univalve fhell, of an oblong cylindric figure, with an oblong mouth, and oftentimes having the clavicle feparated from the body by a circle: the columella is, in fome fpecies, fmooth, in others, rough. The moft obvious character of this genus, without having recourfe to the mouth, is, its having in all the fpe- cics, both ends of the fhell nearly of the fame fize, the tail part being always, however, fgmewhat fmaller than the head. The head is not feparated from the body by an ele- vated rib, as in the volute, but have it following the fhape of the body, though fame-times it is feparated by a dentated furrow ; and in fome, though very few fpecies, by a rib, or rifing circle. This is a very puzzling circumftance in the diftinction of the lhell, bringing it to a near alliance with the volatse : but, in this cafe, the point of the fhell muft be regarded, which, in the cylindrus, is always obtufe, but, in the voluta always pointed. See Tab. of Foflils, Oafs 9. and Tab. of Shells, N J 12.
Among
