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thofe which indifferently affect any nation, and arife from a fault in the air, or from other caufes, and are contagious ; but the endemic properly being thofe difeafes which are in a manner national, and peculiar to the people of one place. Junk. Confp. Med. p. 258.
ENDESIS, a word ufed, by Hippocrates, to exprefs that part of the foot where the bones of the tibia end, and which is connected by ligaments to the ankle.
ENDICA, a word ufed by the alchymifts for the feces which fubfide to the bottom of the veffcl in infufions ; to fome of which they attribute great virtues.
ENDIVIA Marina, the Sea Endive, in natural hiftory, the jname of a fpecies of fea plant, defcribed by count Marfigli : There are two fpecies of it, the one having broad and jagged leaves, refembling thofe of the vine, the other much narrower. This laft kind grows on ftones, fhells, pieces of wood, or any other fubftances, accidentally found at the bottom of the fea. It feldom grows in very deep water, and thrives beft in places where the fea is calm and quiet. It is of a dufky greenifli colour, variegated in fome places with yellow. It exactly refembles the fhape of the endive common in our gar- dens, and its leaves are cut and fringed in the fame manner j but they are of fo tender a fubftance, that a -flight touch de- ftroys them ; they are indeed tenderer and more delicate than thofe of any other known plant, either of the fea or land. When this plant is examined by the rn'icrofcope, its furface is found to be compofed of a great number of eminences, and cavities, or little holes, between and among them ; and when the leaves are cut tranfverfely, there are feen a great number of glandules in them- Marfigli, Hift. de laMer, p. 72.
ENDOSIS, in the medical writings of the antients, a word ufed to exprefs a remiffion of any kind, as when a tumour, in- flammation, or hardnefs of any part, becomes lefs violent ; and when the patient becomes eafier, after the exacerbations in fevers of the continual kind, and after fits of the intermit- tent.
ENDYMATIA, in antiquity, a kind of dance ufed among the Greeks. Mem. Acad. Infcript. Vol. 14, p. 473. feq.
ENELIAXIS, EvtAtcegi;, or rather Enyaliaxis, Ewa&iaf*^ in antiquity, a feftival in honour of Efiy alius, whom fome will have to be the fame with Mars, others only one of his mini- fk-rs. Pott. Archseol. Graec. 1. 2. c. 20. T. 1. p. 394,
ENEMA, Cly/ler, a liquid form of medicine, intended to be thrown up the anus into the body. In Holland, England, and Germany, clyfters are given by means of a pipe of ivory fattened to a bladder, the patient being made to lie on one fide, and to retain the liquor as long as he is able. The French, and fome other nations, ufe a fort of fyringe, hold- ing a pint, or more, for this purpofe ; and this is evidently the better method, as, by this means, liquors are not only more quickly, but more forcibly thrown into the inteftines, and are made to pafs farther than by the Englifh method. Some alfo ufe a leather pipe of half an ell long, which is fattened to the fyringe, and to the pipe introduced into the anus, and by this means the patient can give himfelf the clyfter.
Great care muft be taken in adminiftring clyfters, that the liquor be neither too hot nor too cold, but only tepid, or moderately warm, both extreams being capable of doing great injury to the bowels.
Clyfters are properly ufed where a coftive ftate is to be re- moved, and the body rendered foluble. 2. For alleviating the pains arifing from the colic, ftone, dyfentery, violent haemorrhoids, and other diforders of the abdomen. 3. For making revulfions from the head in apoplexies, lethargies, deliriums, and other diforders of that part. 4. In difficult labours, whether the fcetus be dead or alive, especially if the mother be coftive, as alfo for expelling the fecundines, when they adhere too firmly to the womb, or remain longer behind than they ought. 5. Clyfters are able to nourifh perfons, who, from their power of deglutition, being impair'd, muft otherwife perifh of hunger ; and for this purpofe nourifhing liquors muft be ufed, fuch as broths, and the like, to which a little wine may be added, if the nature of the cafe will allow it.
This practice of giving nutritive clyfters, is no new invention, but has been known even in the earlieft times of which we have accounts , and though, both among the antients, and at this time, there have been fome who have laughed at it as idle and ineffectual, yet experience has often proved the cer- tain truth of it ; and it is not to be doubted, indeed, when we reflect that there are, in the large inteftines, lacteal veffels, capable of abforbing and conveying to the mafs of blood the nutritive liquors injected, by which means it frequently hap- pens that the clyfter does not return, but is wholly retained. A very remarkable clyfter, which feems to have been invented by the Englifh, and, from us, propagated to other nations, is the fmoak of tobacco. When all other clyfters have proved ineffectual for rendering the body foluble, in the iliac paffion, and fome other cafes, the end has fometimes been obtained by injecting a large quantity of the fmoak of tobacco, by means of a proper inftrument. There are feveral kinds of inftruments
invented for this purpofe, and defcribed by Bartholine, Vafen- tini, and others. The general method of making them is this : A box is provided, capable of holding about half an ounce of tobacco ; this has two pipes, the one made of ivory, to be introduced into the anus, the other refembles the mouth- piece of fome mufical inftruments, and, by means of blow- ing into this, the fmoak of the lighted tobacco in the box is driven forcibly up the anus : This is to be continued till the patient find a ftrong ftimulus to go to ftool, and if once doing it does not produce the effect, it is to be repeated till it fuc- ceeds. This is of prodigious fervice in'obftinate incarcerated her- nias of the fcrotum. And Heilter obferves, that he always found it fucceed fo well, as never to reduce him to a neceflity of having recourfe to the knife. When tobacco alone will not anfwer the purpofe, other more ftimulating ingredients may be added to it in the box ; and this acrid fmoak fo con- tracts the diameters of the inteftines, that the prolapfed ones are much more eafily drawn back into the abdomen, than they otherwife could be.
Clyfters of the liquid kind are prepared of different ingredients, according to the intentions propofed to be anfwer'd, and as, in practice, thofe intentions are principally four^ viz. To alter and change, to evacuate, to corroborate, and to miti- gate pain, fo clyfters are accordingly contrived to foften the indurated faeces, to correct the acrid, acid, and faline recre- ments, to evacuate the contents of the large inteftines, and to corroborate the weak and languid fibres of the inteftines in general, and fo ftrengthen their periftaltic motion ; or, laftly, to mitigate the fpafms of their contracted Coats, and relax their conftricted fibres. Hoffman.
When clyfters are intended to lubricate and foften the dry and indurated faeces, or to obtund acrid, faline, corrofive, and acid humours, in the large inteftines, they are to be pre- pared with the emollient ingredients, fuch as broths, milk, decoctions of emollient herbs, as marfhmallows, and the like, with manna, oil, and the like affiftances ; and, as all thefe ingredients have a power of relaxing fpafms, as well as of foftening the faeces, clyfters of this kind are extreamly bene- ficial in all fpafmodic diforders, fevers, pains, and cafet where the patient is coftive, whether it be from fpafms of the in- teftines, or from induration of the faeces. When the intention is at once to evacuate the inteftines, and to carry off ftagnant humours, then falts, added to the deco- ctions, admirably anfwer the end. Glauber's fait, Epfom fait, and fal gem, are all ufeful to thefe purpofes. In fome cafes alfo fal armoniac ; And experience ftiews, that half an ounce of one of thefe falts, in a clyfter, will do more toward the evacuating the contents of the bowels, than four ounces of any of the common purging electuaries. Corroborating clyfters are to be prepared of the four greater hot feeds, bay and juni- per berries, the carminative oils, &c. and in violent diforders of the head, fuch as apoplexies, palfies, lethargies, and the like, rue, marjoram, thyme, rofemary, and lavender flowers, are conveniently added to clyfters ; as are mugwort, pennyroyal, feverfew, and the like. When there is any dif- order of the womb, or fuppreflion of the menfes, the clyfters of the fedative kind are principally to be compofed of oil, or the like fatty ingredients, and fuch as confift purely of oil alone, are found often to do wonders, in allaying the moft violent pains. ENEOS, a word ufed, by the antient writers on medicine, for a perfon born deaf, or unable to perform the common offices of life, for want of any of the principal organs. ENERGETICAL Bodies, or Particles, are fuch as are emi- nently active, and which produce manifeft operations of va- rious natures, according to the various circumftances and.mo- tions of fuch bodies, or particles. ENGASTRIMANTES, Eyyarp^av™;, in antiquity, a de- fignation given to fuch diviners as were poffefled with demons, which either lodged, or fpoke within their bodies. Pott. Archaeol. Graec. 1. 2. c. 12. T. 1. p. 301. ENGASTRIMYTHI, iyytrtW 6o( > »P antiquity, the fame with
Engajlrimantes. ENGRAULIS, in zoology, a name given, by fome authors, to the anchovy, called alfo, by fome, lycoftomus, and, by others, halecula. fVillughiy's Hift. Pifc. p. 228. See Encrasicolus. ENGYTHECA, in antiquity, a cup-board, or place where cups and other veffels ufed to be laid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. ENHARMONIC, (Cycl.) in the antient mufic, was the name of one of their genera.
The intervals conftituting the enharmonic genus, are the femi-tone minor, the enharmonic diefis, and the third major. Phil. Tranf. N°. 48L p. 272.
This is to be underftood of what the enharmonic ought, accu- rately fpeaking, to be. Salinas has thus defined it, and others after him. This divifion is alfo approved of by Dr. Pe- pufch a . The antients do not agree in the numbers, by which they exprefs thefe divifions of the enharmonic genus ; but the differences that occur are not fufficient to conftitute any fubordinate fpecies of the enharmonic; and therefore they
agree
