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'breeders have a great many fantaftic remedies in fuch cafe?, as the bag wherein the creature was foaled, the lungs of a fox and the like; but a little liquorice and elecampane powder mix- ed with honey and milk, is a remedy greatly to be preferred to all thefe.
When the colts are kept up in the winter, they are not to be continually immured in the liable, but in the middle of the day when the fun fhines warm, they tbould always be let out to play about for an hour or two ; and when the winter is ipent, they mould be turned into fome dry ground, where the grafs is fweet and fhort, and where there is good water, that they may drink at pleafure. The winter after this, they may be kept in the liable without any farther care than that which is taken of other horfes ; but after the firft year the mare colts and the horfe colts are not to be kept together. This may be the method every fummer and winter till they are broke for ufej which may be when they are three years old, and they will take the breaking much more eafdy, after this fort of breeding, than if they had been all the time running about wild: for ordering them the fecond year as the other horfes are ordered, they will be tame and gentle like them, and will not flounce and plunge about on the firft mounting, as they other wife would, but will take the faddle quietly. The common way of breaking a colt by beating him and tiring him by trotting over plowed fields, however neceflary it may be to a colt that has always run wild, is not to be chofen when it can be avoided ; for it is breaking and fpoiling the creature's fpirit. Ufing him to other horfes, and winning him by gen- tlenefs is a vaftly preferable way. It is proper to wear no fpurs for fome time with a newly backed horfe. Jn order to make him endure the faddle well, the way is to make it familiar to him, by clapping it with the hands as it lies on his back ; then fwaying upon it, and dangling the ftir- rups by his fides, rubbing his fides with them, and bringing him thus to be ufed to every thing about him. Then the crup- per Ihou Id be often ftrained, the girths loofened and tightened, and the ftirrups taken up and let down at times, all the while making much of him. This will make every thing eafy to him, and will make him gentle without breaking his fpirit. As foon as he will trot with the faddle obediently, the mouth- ing of him is to be confidered. In order to this, put a trench of a full mouth into his mouth, and throw the reins over the fore part of the faddle, fo that he may have a full feeling of it, then put on a martingale, buckled at fuch a length that he may juftly feel it when he jerks up his head. A broad piece of leather is then to be put round his neck, and the ends made faft by plating it, or fome other way at the withers, or before the wind-pipe, about two handfuls below the thropple, betwixt the leather and his neck ; let the martingale pafs fo that at any time when he offers to duck or throw down his head, the caveflbn being placed upon the tender griftle of his nofe, may correct and punifh him. This will make him bring his head to, and form him to the rein.
FOLDING of Jheep, a term ufed by our farmers to exprefs the keeping thefe creatures on their arable lands, within folds made of hurdles, which they remove about, fo that when the fheep have dunged one place they are fet upon another. This is a very great advantage to the land j the dung of thefe creatures being a very rich manure. It ought only to be done in fummer time and in good weather, for the folding them in bad weather is apt' to give them the rot. Care mult be taken that they are only driven into thefe folds over night, and let out aeain in the morning, half an hour after fun-rife, into places where there is good food; for being hungry at this time they will eat whatever comes next them. Many fheep are ruined by this practice in moift ground, and fome farmers who think all folding very bad for fheep, only fiick up Hoping flakes in fuch parts of the lands, as they would have dunged and never fold the fheep at all, but trull: to their coming to thefe flakes to rub themfclves for the dunging the ground, as they conftantly void their dung and urine at that time. Mor- ilrner's Husbandry.
YOLC-lands. See Folk- lands, Cycl.
FQhD-foca, in law. See Faldage, Cycl.
FOLDAGE and Fold-Course. See Faldage, Cycl.
FOLIATE, in the higher geometry, a name given by fome to a curve of the fecond order exprefled by the equation* 1 -j- y= — ; a xy, being one fpecies of defective hyperbolas, with one a- fymptote, and con filling of two infinite legs croffing one an- other, and forming a fort of leaf.
FOLIATING (Cycl,)— The method of foliating globular look- ing gla'fles, delivered by Mr. Boyle, is fome what different from that given by Sir Robert Southwell, in the Philofophi- cal Tran factions and tranferibed in the Cyclopaedia. Mr. Boyle's method, which he prefers to any he ever met with in print, is this : take tin and lead, of each one part, melt them together, and immediately add of good tin glafs, or bifmuth, two parts ; carefully skim off the drofs ; then lake the crucible from the fire, and, before the mixture grows cold, add there- to ten parts of clean quickfilver, and having ftirred them well all together, keep the fluid in anew clean glafs. When vou go to ufe it, firft purge it, by (training it thrg' hnnen, and gent-
FOO
ly pour fome ounces into the glafs to be filiated, thro' a nar- row paper funnel, reaching ahnoli to the glafs to prevent the liquor from flying to the fides. After this, by dextroully in- clining the glafs every way, endeavour to fallen it to the in- ternal furface ; which done, let it reft for fome hours ; then repeat the fame operation, and fo continue, at times, till the liquor is flowly paffed over, and equally fixed to the whole fu- perficies ; which may be difcerned by expofing the glafs to the eye between that and the light. Boyle's Works Abr. Vol. i. p. 129.
FOLIS or Follis, a fmall coin in ufe among the Greeks and Romans ; it was firft made of brafs, and afterwards of filver. Authors are not agreed as to the value of this coin. Vid. Pitifc, Lex. Ant. in voc.
FOLIUM branchiarum, the leaf of the gills, a term ufed by fome of the ichthyologills, to exprefs that part of the gills which looks red and fringed. The gills offifh are compofed of certain bony circles which are formed on the convex fide with a great number of laminae; thefe ferve to receive the ramifications of the arteries, and are called the folium or leaf of the gills. The aorta or great artery reaches no farther than this part in fifh. It has nodefcending trunk, but every part of the body is fup- plied by a large venal trunk, formed by the joining of the feve- ral fmaller trunks of the feveral circles of the gdls. Artedi, Ichthyol.
FONCEAU, in the manege, is the bottom or end of a canon- bitt-mouth ; that is, the part of the bitt that joins it to the ban- quet. See Chaperon.
FONGITES, a name given by the writers of the middle ages to a Hone famous for its imaginary virtues. Authors are very vague in their defcriptions of it ; fome defcribing it as pel- lucid and colourlefs, like cryftal ; others, as opake and of a flame colour ; and fome fay, that it was partly of the one and partly of the other of thefe colours. It is laid to mitigate pain, on being held for fome time in the hand.
FONTINALIS, in botany, the name of a genus of modes the characters of which are thefe. The capfules are feffile, or have either no pedicles, or extremely fhort ones ; they are not naked as in rhe fphagna, but are covered with calyptne, and are included befides in a membranous husk, by which laft parti- cular, they are diflinguiihed from the hypnums, bryums and other inofles which produce capfules. SeeTab. of Moiles, N" 9. There are only five known fpecies of this genus. 1. The com- mon large triangular fontinalis : this floats in the water and is compofed of ftalks of five, fix, or even twelve inches long j the the ftalks are (lender and black, and the leaves pellucid and of a fine green. The heads in this (pedes are ufually produced in the lower part of the plant. 2. The lefler triangular fontifia- lis. The ftalks in this fpecies are fhorter and lefs branched, and the capfules are produced from the tops of the branches. 3. The fine leaved mining black fontinalis, the leaves of this are pellucid, very thin and blackifh : it is found in rivers in mountainous countries. 4. The fmall lancet leaved fnitina lis. This is pro- duced in Patagonia. 5. The fine leaved fontinalis, with pointed {heaths, this is found in Penfylvania. Dillen. Hilt, naofc. p. 256.
FOOD (Cycl.) — Phyficians have attempted to determine rhe healthful quantity of food for a human body. Some fay, that in winter, where the perforation of an unexercifed perfon is only equal to the urine, the diet for twenty-fours, ought not to exceed four pounds, or four pounds and an half. In fum- mer the diet may be fix pounds and an half, which may be car- rid off without the help of exercile, when the air is hot and dry.
Dr. Bryan Robinfon % thinks, that if the quantity of food be fuch as to make the perfpiration and urine of a natural day always nearly equal, and the morning weight of the body al- ways nearly the fame, that quantity is the truly healthful quan- tity of food for grown bodies, who ufe but little exercife. [ a Of the food and difcharge of human bodies, p. 93.J The quantity of food neceflary to keep a grown body in health, will be better and more eafily digefted, when it is fo divided, as to make the meals equal, than when they are very unequal. The diflance between one meal and another, ihould'bear fome proportion to the largenefs of the preceeding meal. JZobinfon, ibid. p. 94.
The fame author thinks, that good and conftant health, con- fills in a juft quantity of food, and a juft proportion of the meat to the drink; and that to be freed from chronical difor- ders contracted by intemperance, the quantity of food ought to be leffened, and the proportion of the meat to the drink in- creafed more or lefs, according to the greatnefs of the difor- ders; and that both the quantity of food, and the proportion, of meat to drink ought to be fuch as fhall make perfpiration and urine nearly equal at all feafons of the year. See his Dif- fer, on the food- and difcharge of human bodies, p. 6.
Food of plants. — What is generally underftood by this term, is fuch matter of whatever kind, as being added and united to the firft ftamina of plants or plantulae, at their (owing, or to their roots, and thence to their trunks and other parts after- wards, gives them their increafe, or in other words, is itfelf the matter of that increafe. The great art of the husbandman is the giving xhisfosd to plants, in the belt manner, and to
the
