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rio determinate figure externally, yet always breaks into regu- lar parallelepipeds : nor is this peculiar to thefe ftones found naturally concreted on the furface or within the bowels of the earth, but it is alfo found in fuch as are concreted by means of art out of the water in which they are originally fufpended. The water of" the fountain de SaLut, near Bagneres in Gafcony, when evaporated to a certain degree, yields a fcum on the fur- face, which alfo adheres to the fides of the veffel ; and this fcum, examined by the microfcope, is found to be compofed of many regular parallelepipeds. If the fame waters, and thofe of feveral other fprings, be evaporated to a drinefs, there re- mains a white mining powder, out of which the miexofcope can direct us to feveral the like regular figures. Phil. Tranf. N. 472, p. 32. PARALLELLOPIPEDIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of fpars, thus called, becaufe regularly of a parallelepiped form.
They are pellucid cryftaline fpars, externally of a determinate and regular figure, always found loofe, detached, and feparate from all other bodies, and in form an oblique parallelepiped, with fix parallelogram fides and eight folid angles, eafdy fmile, either in an horizontal or perpendicular direction, being com- pofed of numbers of thin plates, and thofe of very elegantly and regularly arranged bodies, each of the fame form with the whole mafs, except that they are thinner in proportion to their horizontal planes ; and naturally fall into thefe and no other figures, on being broken with a flight blow. Of this genus there are.four known fpecies. 1 . The hard pel- lucid and colourlefs one, called the ifland cryftal of authors. See Inland cryftal. 2. A dull and whitifh kind, found in France, Germany, and England, particularly in the Derby- fhire and Yorfhire lead-mines, and about Scarborough. This has the fame property with the former, of giving a double re- fraction ; but it is fo dull and opake, that it does not fhew it fo elegantly. 3. A foft, whitifh, and very bright one, found principally in the lead-mines of Yorkfhire and about the fea- fhores of that county. And, 4. a dull, hard, and pale brown one : this is found in the lead-mines of the fame county, and in fome parts of Ireland. All thefe fpecies have the fame power of double refraction with the firft, but are too opake to (hew it fo beautifully, and often have not tranfparence enough to make it at all diftinguifhable. H/iTs Hift. FofT.
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PARALOPHIA, a word ufed by Keil and fome other anatomi- cal writers, to exprefs the lower and lateral part of the neck.
PARALOURGES, Tt&fc&wfyK, among the antients, a kind of garment, with a purple clavus on each fide. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. See Clavus.
PARALYSIS, in botany, &c. the fame with primula verts. See Primula veris.
PARAMERfA, a word ufed by the antients to exprefs the in- ternal part of the thighs.
PARAMESE, in the Greek diagram, or fcale, was the note above the mefe, which anfwers to a-la-mi-re of Guido's fcale. V. Walliss Append. Ptolem. Harm. p. 157. Hence, as the paramefc was the firft of the diazeugmenon tetrachord, it will be equivalent to Guido's higheft □ mi. SeeDiAGRAM.
PARAMESOS, a word ufed by fome to exprefs the ring-finger, that next the little one.
PARANETE, in the antient mufic, was a name fometimes ufed to fignify the next note, or chord to the nete, or laft note of a tetrachord. See Tetrachord.
Hence it might be called the penultimate chord. It was other- wife, and more properly called, licbanos, or index : the rea- fon of which fee under Lichanos.
Paranete die%eugmenon, in the Greek mufic, was the penul- timate note of the diezeugmenon tetrachord, and anfwers to Guido's de-la-fol-re. IValUs's Append. Ptolem. Harm. p. 157. See Diagram.
PARANETE%rW^n, in the Greek mufic, was the penulti- mate note of the hyperbolaon tetrachord, and anfwers to Guido's g-fol-re-uf. Wains' 's Appen. Ptolem. Harm. p. 157. See Diagram.
PARAPHORA, a word ufed by the antients to exprefs a flight kind of delirium, or light-headednefs is a fever : fome have made it fignify a delirium in general.
PARAPHRENIAS, in medicine, the name of a diftemper which conftfts in an acute fymptomatic fever ; which is the means ufed by nature to break through inflammatory ftates in the diaphragm. The alienation of the mind in this difeafe is owing to the confent of the nerves.
Signs of it. This is always attended with a moflr violent and painful cardialgia, or heart-burn; infomuch, that the perfon cannot bear the leaft touch of a finger on the region of the breaft. or ftomach. It always brings on alfo a tumor of the prscordia, and an alienation or roving of the mind, which ie always fenfible in the words and actions of the perfon, but is not fo great as in the true phrenitis. The refpiration is inter- rupted by frequent fighings ; belchings are very frequent; as alfo the difcharge of a black matter by vomit. The mouth is dry and parched, and the tongue very white and fur«ed ; and there is great thirft.
Caufes of it. 7'he rnoft frequent caufe of this is a fudderi tranflation of the morbific matter in fevers to the diaphragm ; a fuppreflion of natural haemorrhages by the nofe, the hemor- rhoidal veffels, or by the menfes ; an omiffion of habitual bleedings, and the drinking cold liquors when the blood is heated by exercife ; and finally, a tranflation of the matter of aquinfey to this part.
Prognojlics in it. This is a dangerous difeafe, but it has three ways of terminating, according to the difpofition of the pa- tient's blood and humours: 1. Sometimes the matter which caufed the obftrudtion is eafily difcuffed, and fweats happen- ing on the critical days, carry off the diftemper. 2. Some- times the matter is refolved, indeed, but not fo happily; the refolution takes longer time, and the matter finally does not evacuate itfelf by fweat, but is translated to the ears, where it occafions deafnefs, tumors, and other accidents ; or to the joints, where it brings on either the gout or eryfipclatofe dif- orders : or, 3. The matter comes to fuppuration ; in which cafe, the perfon dies either within {even days, or, at the ut- moft within fourteen. The figns which prefage a gangrene in this difeafe, are violent hiccoughs, coldnefs of the extremities, violent internal heat, and clammy fweats.
Method of cure. "When, by a preceding error in the perfon's diet, the peccant matter remains in the prima? via?, a gentle emetic is to be given, with the digeftive medicines before it; and if the vdmit does not operate, a few grains- of emetic tar- tar are to be given afterwards. When the patient is of a plethoric habit, bleeding is extremely neceflary ; and fome- times, where the fymptoms require it, may be repeated to a third time. Twenty drops of the mixtura fimplex may after- wards be given at a dofe, every four hours, in the morning; and in the afternoon, powders of purified nitre, with vitriolat- ed tartar and crabs eyes fated with juice of lemons : bcfides thefe, there may be externally applied, plaifters, with a large portion of camphor, to the breaft- and back; finapifms, and other hot cataplafms, to the foals of the feet ; ftimulating clyf- ters, and acrid fuppofitories have alfo their ufe in this cafe - and the application of leeches to the hemorrhoidal veins, in people who have been fubjecr. to difcharges from thence, are very often of Angular fervice. All the while there muft be kept up a gentle tranfpiration, either by copious draughts of warm and weak liquors, or by lightly accidulating medicines. jfienker's Confp. Med. p. 307, feq.
PARAPHROSYNE, a word ufed by fome medical writers to exprefs a delirium, or an alienation of mind in fevers, or from whatever caufe.
PARAPOTAMIA, in the materia medica of the antients, a word ufed at firft as an epithet of diftin&ion for a kind of (E, nanthe, from which the cenanthine ointment of the Greeks- was made ; but afterwards ufed fimply as the name of that plant. This kind of cenantbe was the rnoft fragrant of all the kinds, and was therefore ufed for the making the ointment preferably to the reft.
Tbeophraftus makes a very great difference in the cenanthe of different places, obferving, that the Cyprian kind was fragrant, and fit for making this fweet ointment ; but that theGrecian had no fmeil at all : and thence it probably arofe, that the Greeks ufed afterwards the flowers of the wild vine for this purpofe and called them by the fame name.
Pliny's account of this ointment is by no means to be depend- ed upon. The whole paflage where he names it, and the others of the like kind, is taken from the account of Apollo- dorus, in Athenaeus ; but it is fo carelefly tranflated by Pliny that the author's fenfe can fcarce any where be made out! Athen<£us-> 1. 15.
PARAPROSDOC1A, n^^Sw, in rhetoric, the fame with paradox. See Paradox, Cycl. and Suppl
PARARTHREMA, a word ufed by medical writers to exprefs a flight luxation.
PARARYTHMOS, an epithet ufed by the antients to exprefs any kind of pulfe which did not feem fuitable to the aee and ftate of the perfon.
PARASCEUE, (Cycl) in antiquity, a Greek word which fig- .nifies preparation. The Jews gave the name of parafceue to fnday, becaufe being not allowed on the Sabbath to prepare their food, they provided the day before. Exod. xvi i-i xxxv. 1. 3. Calmet. Diet. Bibl. J '
PARASCHIDES, a word ufed by chirurgical writers to exprefs the fplinters of figured bones, or the fragments of bones cor- roded by fharp humours.
PARASEISMA, a fort of exercife prefcribed by the Greek phv
p a £ a crum'7 CafCS ' h Was a seneral concuff 'on of the body.
r-AKAMMVlLM, ru^ww, among the antients, a fign painted or carved on the prow of fhips, by which they were diftin- gmfhed from one another. This fign was commonly the ngure or pi&ure of fome animal, as the bull, Jion, fcf/. r of any other thing, as a mountain, tree, flower, &V. Pitifc in voc. and Potter Arcba:ol. Grasc. T. 2. p 1 28
PARASIOPESIS, n«^ lw W«, in rhetoric. See the article Pa- RALEP3IS, Cycl.
PARASIT1UM, among the antients, a granary or place where the (acred corn, defigneJ for religious purpofes, was preserved Fiti/t. Lex. Ant. in voc. See Parasite, Cycl.
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