PHE
PHI
foon as the fpringes are fet, the fportfman is to go into the Woods, and getting behind the birds, he is to fniht them with Come little noife, fuch as (hall not be enough to raife them to the wing, but only to fet them a running. They will naturally make their way out of the wood thro 5 their accuftomed paffes, and be then caught in the fpringes. There is another method yet of taking thefe birds in the winter, provided that there is no fnow. This is to be done with a net made like a catling net, but with the mefhes much wider ; they may he five inches wide. Some peas or wheat are to be taken out, and the path of the pheafant s be- ing difcovered, which may eafily be done by their clung, a pint or thereabout of corn is to be thrown down in the path in a place marked, fo that the fportfman can come to it again. This is to be done for feveral days, till at length the pheafanU are expecting it every day regularly ; and all the birds of this kind tbat frequent the place, are brought together to feed there, and then the net is to be fixed over the place ; its top being tied up to foir.e bough of a tree, and its bottom fixed down all round, except in one place, where the walk of the pheafanU lies. In this place it is to be raifed in form of an arch, and the entrance is to be lined with feveral rods of hazel i the thick ends of which are to be tied to the net, and the thin ones let into the fpace covered by it; and thus the fhpafants will eafily get in by parting the fmall ends of the flicks, as fifh into a wheel, but they will not eafily get out again. The nets are to b< dyed of a ruffet colour, by laying them in a tan-pit; and they mult, when planted for f this purpofe, be covered with boughs, fo that the bird-, do not difcover them, and then they will eafily run into them, and be all taken at once.
PHECOS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the fi- gittari, ox water-arrow-head. Ger. Emac Ind. %.•
PhELLANDRlUM, water-hemlock, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters o which are thefe : The flowers ftand in umbells, and are of the rofaceous kind, each being compofed of feveral heart fafhioned leaves, difpofed in a circular form. The cup finally becomes a fruit com- pofed of two fmall feeds, lightly ftriated and gibbofe on one fide, and flat and plain on the other.
The fpecies of phellandriwn, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: i. The common f-hcllandrium, or water-hemlock. 2. 'The alpine phellandrium, with purple umbells, called by fome meum alpinum and mutellma. Tcum. Lift. p. 316.
PHELLOS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the cork-tree. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
Phellos, <p-AXo<i, in antiquity, a feftival in honour of Bacchus, being a preparative to the Dionyfia. See Dionysia, Cyrf. Potter y T. 1, p. 4(6.
PHENGITES, in the natural hiftory of the antients, the name of a very beautiful fpecies of alabafter. It is a very rude and irregular mafs, very fhattery and friable, yet of a brig.it- nefs fuperior to that of moft of the other marbles, and ex- I celling them all in tranfparence : it is in colour of an agree- i able pale, yellowifh, white, or honey colour; the yellowifli : is more intenfe in fome places than in others, and fomeumes makes an obfeure refemblance of veins. It is very weak and brittle in the mafs, and when reduced to fmall pieces, is eafily crumbled between the fingers into loofe, but consider- ably large angular pieces, fume perfect, others complex, ir- regular, or mutulated, and all approaching to a fiat fhape. The antients were verv fond of this fpecies in their public buildings ; and the temple of fortune, built wholly of it, has long been famous. Its great beauty is its tranfparence; from which alone this temple was perfectly light when the doors were fbut, tbo* it was built without a window, and bad no other light but what was Eranfmitted thro' the ftone its walls were built with. It was antiently found in Cappadocia, and is Hill plentiful there : we have it alfo in Germany and France, and in our own kingdom in Derby fhire, and fome other counties. It takes an excellent polifh, and is very . fit for ornamental works where there is no great ftrength re- quired. Hill's Hift. of FoiT. p. 490.
PHEOS, in botany, a name given by Thcophraflus, Diofco- rides, and others, to a plant ufed by the fullers in dreffing their cloths, and of which there were two kinds, a fmaller , called finiply fheos, and a larger called bippopbeos. The name of this plant is fometimes written pble:s ; and it is by that confounded with a kind of marfh cudweed, or 1 gnafbalium, called alfo by that name; but it may be always , found which of the two plants an author means, by obferv- I ing the fenfe in which the word is ufed, and the ufe to which the plant was put The pb'eos, ptapcrly fo called, that is, the cudweed, was ufed to fluff beds and other fuch things, and to pack up with earthen veffcls to prevent their break- ing; but the fheos, improperly called phleos, only about cloths; this was, however, alio called fteebe and cnaphon. Theophrallus defcrtbes the phe s and the bipfoj.heos; and calls them the fame | lam, only differing in fize and fome other fmall particulars. And fie fays, in many places, that this plant was alfo called by many ftecbe ; he mentions them of- ten together, and feveral times compares fome one plant to them both ; fo that there feems to have been only the dif- Suitl. Vol.. H.
ference of fize between them. Galen alfo, as well as this author, calls the bippopbeos ftabe.
Dioicorides, however, has fomewhat perplexed the matter^ by defcribing the pbeos and the bifpopkes, fo he writes the bippopbeos, in different places of his works, and not feeming to allow any fimilitude or alliance between them. The vir- tues be afcribes to them are alfo plainly different; he tells us, that the Jiabe or pbeos binds, is good in dyfenteries; and, on the contrary, that the bippopbeos is a purgative, and carries off the bile. The ft she is numbered by him amono- the fmooth plants, and the bippopbeos among the prickly ones. Upon the whole, the names jiabe and pbeos with this au- thor, feem applied only to the plant properly called pbleosi that is, gnapbalium ; and he treats of this flssbe either as a thing universally known, or elfe as unknown even to him- felf ; for he no where gives any defcriptton of it. Tbeiphraft. 1. 6. c. <;.
PHEREPHATTIA, ptfQtttk*, in antiquity, a feftival at Cy- zicum, wherein a black heifer was facrificed to Pherephatta or Proferpine. Potter, Archaeol. Gnec. T. 1. p. 436.
PHILADELPHIA-;/?^/^, a name given by fome authors to what are called by others Cbri/iians bones, found in the walls of that city. It is a common error, that thefe walls are built of bones, and the tradition of the country is, that when flie Turks took the place they fortified it for them/elves and built their walls of the bones of the Cbriftians whom they killed there. Dr. Smyth in one of his epiftles mentions this wall as an inftance of the TurkHh barbarity ; but this is an idle opinion, what pafles for bone being only a loofe and porous ftone of the fparry kind, found in an old aqueduct which is ftill in the wall. Sir Paul Rycaut brought home pieces of thefe Hones, which he alfo fuppofed to have been bones, but on examination they proved to be no other than various bodies, chiefly vegetable, incruited over and pre- ferved in a fpar of the nature of that which forms incrusta- tions in Knarefborough fpring, and other places with us. Thefe bodies are often cemented together in great numbers by this matter, and their true fhape loft in the cono-eries, till a diligent and judicious eye traces them regularly. Woodwi Catal. of Foff. V. 2. p. 14.
PHILANTHROPOS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the common aparine, cleavers, or goofe-grajs. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
PHILANDER, in zoology. See the article Didelphis.
PHILETERIUM, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the beben album, the common white flowered bladder campion, called white ben. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
PHILLEREA, a garden ftirub, which, in the Linnsean fyftem of botany, makes a genus, the characters of which are : That the cup of the flower is very final!, indented into four feem- ing divilions, and does not fall off with the flower. The flower is compofed of one petal, beginning with a very fhort tube, and dividing into four fegments placed evenly, and each pointed ; the ftamina are fhort, two in number, and placed oppofite one to the other ; the antherse fingle and erect ; the plftil is compofed of a roundifh germen, a fingle ftyle of the length of the ftamina, and terminated by a fomewhat larger ftigma; the fruit is a Angle berry, con- taining one large orbicular feed. Linntti Gen. Plant, p. 2.
PHILOMEDIUM, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the great celandine. Ger. Emac. Ind. z.
PHILONIUM (Cyd.)— Philonium Londinenfe, the name by which the medicine commonly called philonium romanum, is called in the late London difpenfatory. The compofition is alfo much altered, as well as the name, and is now ordered to be made thus : Take white pepper, ginger, caraway-feeds, of each two ounces, opium fix drams, fyrup of diacodium boiled to the confidence of honey, three times the weight of all the reft. The opium is to be difTolved in a little wine, and then mixed with the fyrup; after which the powders are to be ftirrcd in, and the whole made into an electuary, Pem&erton's Lond. Difp. p. 342.
PHILOSOPHIC chemiftry, an art of dividing or refolving all the bodies in our power by means of all the inftruments that can be procured, and that as well into integrant as into con- ftituent parts, and joining thefe parts together again, fo as to difcover the principles relations and changes of bodies, make various mixtures and compofitions, find out the phy- fical caufes of phyfical effects, and hence improve the ftate of natural knowledge and the arts depending on it. Shaw's Lectures, p. I. See the article Chemistry.
Philosophic ftrit of wine. See the article Wine.
PHILOSOPHY (Cy:l.)—Byjbi/cfo;by^e mean the knowledge of the reafons of things, in oppofition to hiftory, which is the bare knowledge of facts ; or to mathematics, which is the knowledge of the quantity of things or their meafures. Thefe three kinds of knowledge ought to be joined as much as poffible. Hiftory furnifhes matter, principles and practical examinations, and mathematics compleatthe evidence. Pbi- lofophy being the knowledge of the reafons of things, all arts muft have their peculiar; phihfipby which conftitutes their theo- ry : not only law and phyfic, but the loweft and moft abject arts are not deftitute of their reafons, which might ufefully 2 H h employ
