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Authors diftinguifh congrftions from ftafes (anguinis, By this; that in thefe the quality and progreflive motion of the hu- mors are greatly altered, in the others, as fuch, they are not altered at all.
The figns of congeftibns are deduced from their effects, and are thefe. In the parts affected there is a diften- fion of the veffels, fo that the very fmall ones, which fcarce appear at another time, are now found turgid, with heavy and tenfive pains, and often, as it were, with a fen- fation of pricking ; if the congeftion be carried farther, there fuccecds to thefe rednefs, and preternatural heat in the part : when upon this there appears an hemorrhage, ail the fymp- toms vanifh; but if this difcharge does not happen, there are frequently formed tumors, and running ulcers, with vio- lent pain and inflammation. Thefe are the fymptoms in the affected parts ; in the more remote ones, there is a con- ftriction of the veffels, fo that they appear lefs than natu- ral, and a fenfation of coldnefs in the flem. The perfons moil fubject to congeftiom are thofe of a ple- thoric habit, and fuch as live fedentary lives, and eat and drink high ; and to thefe are to be added, fuch as have been ufed to fome habitual difcharge of blood, whether natural, or by regularly bleeding in the arm at ilated times of the year, and afterwards live wholly without thefe; and fuch as have had iffues, blisters, or old natural ulcers dried up, without ufing the necefiary precautions on fuch occasions. Junker'?. Confp. Med. p. go.
Caufes of Congestions. Thefe are principally a plethoric habit of body, and an effort of nature to relieve herfelf from the load, by difcharging part of it at fome proper out- let. To thefe are to be added many external and occafional ones i fuch are a moift and cold air, and fometimes a moift and hot one; a refrigeration of the remoter parts, or of thofe oppofite to fuch as are proper for the congefiion. The effects of congeftiom are generally ftagoations ; and from thefe ftafes and corruptions of the blood and humors, too frequently arife. When congeftiom are become habitual to a perfon, they very rarely yield to the effects of medicines, even though the material caufe is removed, but often after this renew their fymptoms in fome different way. When congeftiom are ill treated, efpecially when narcotics are given, or hot medicines, or a warm diet are indulged, they always return the more frequently upon the patient, or bring on a feries of other diforders ; and congeftiom in themfelves are not without danger, when they affect: perfons at a certain time of life. Finally, congeftiom in the bread are always of more unhappy confequence than thofe of the head and ab- domen, becaufe the evacuation of the blood, which is what nature 1 aims at in a congefiion, is not to be effected any way happily in the breait.
jtdetbod of treating them. In the time of the paroxyfm, the bowels, which are ufually bound in this cafe, are to be loof- ened by a gentle emollient clyfter, or by fome of the gentle purges ; and the too great expanfion of the blood, and ftric- ture of the fibres, is to be prevented by abforbent3, and ni- trous medicines, with the addition of cinnabar, and of the common diaphoretics : to this purpofe powders are to be given three or four times a day, compofed of crabs eyes, nitre, antimonium diaphoreticum, and cinnabar, either na- tive, or that of antimony ; and if the pains are violent, a gentle opiate may be added to the powder to be taken at night. To thefe things are to be added the temperate alexi- pharmics, and the mild and diluent diaphoretics; fuch as tea made of the flowers of lavender, of fage, and the like : and when the blood begins to ftagnate in the place of the congefiion, topics may be ufed ; fuch as camphorated fpirit of
■ wine, or a cataplafm of caraway feeds, juniper berries, (alt. and crumb of bread : and in fome cafes repellents may be fafely ufed ; fuch as the vinegar of rofes, and mixtures with nitre, and with faccharum faturni. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 92.
Stuffings of the hreafis, in infants. See Infant.
STUM, (Cycl.) in the wine trade, a term for the unfermentcd juice of the grape, when it has been feveral times racked off, and feparated from its fediment. The cafks are for this purpofe well matched, or fumigated with brimftone every time, to prevent the liquor from fermenting, as it would other wife readily do, and become wine.
It is this fume of the fulphur from the match that prevents, in this cafe, all tendency to fermentation, and continues the natural juice of the grape in a fweet ffate, fit to be readily mixed with wines inftead of fugar ; for which purpofe it is very much ufed in Holland, and fome other countries, as alfo for giving a new fret, or brifknefs, to decayed wines. So that very large quantities of thhjium are annually im- ported to all parts along with the foreign wines ; and after the fame manner a fium is prepared in England from the juice of apples, which ferves the ordinary purpofes of the wine-cooper. In the preferving this liquor in this ffate, we fee the vaft ufe of brimltone, for it could never be done otherwife, than by the matching the cafks. Shaw's Lectures, p, 192. See the article Matching.
Artificial Stum. An artificial muff, or fium, as good as the Suppl. Vol. II.
STY
fiatural, and as fit for the re-fermentin
- g, fretting, improv* _ or making of wines, vinegars, and fpirits, may be prepared in the following manner.
Take three pound of fine lump fugar; or fuch as has been well refined from its treacle, melt it in three quarts of water, and add in the boiling of Rhenifh tartar, finely pow- dered, half an ounce ; this diffolves with a remarkable ebul- lition, and gives a grateful acidity to the liquor; take the vell'el from the fire, and fuffer it to cool, and you have an artificial mull, which in all refpefls refcmbles the natural tafte and fweet juice of a white flavourlefs grape, when well purified, and racked off from its fediment, in order to make plan. If this artifical muft be Hummed, that is, well fumigated with burning brimftone, it becomes a perfect /(ra^ and may be made of any flavour, at the difcretion of the artift. Sbazu's Lectures, p. 2C2.
STUPHA, a name given by fome writers to a balneum va- poris.
STUPIO, a name given by fome of the writers in chemiftry to tin. See Tin.
STURDY, in cattle, a kind of diftemp;r, otherwife called the turning-evil. See Turning-^'/.
STURIO, the fturgion, a very well known, large, and fine-tailed fifh, caught in many places, and fometimes in the river Thames, being one of thofe fillies called anadrcmi by au- thors, which fpend a part of their time in the fea, and a part in rivers.
It never goes into the fea to any great diftance; and never is caught there of any very great fize. The fea ferves for its production, but it is only in large rivers that it grows to its ufual fize. Ray's Ichthyogr. p. 248.
STURNUS, the ftarling, a bird very well known; and of the thrum, or turdus kind.
There is, befide the common fpecies, a very beautiful one, defcribed by Bontius under the name of the Indian ftarling, or fturnus Indian. This is of the fize and fhape of our common ftarling, but is variegated With a deep blue, a lead colour, and a pale grey, and has on its head a very beauti- ful yellow creft. It learns to imitate the human voice, and talks much better than the parrot, but is troublefome in be- ing over noify. Ray's Ornitholcg. p. 145. Linnjeus makes the fturnus a diftindt genus of birds, of the order of the pajferes ; the diftinguifhing charaders of which are; that the tongue is membranaceous, fharp, and edged with a rim, or margin ; the beak is of a fomewhat cylindric form, and is pointed and crooked. Linnxi Syftem. Nature, P-49-
STYE, or Stithe, the Englifh name for a diforder on the eyelids, called by the phyficians hordeolum, and by fome erithe, ehalazium, or grando.
It is a fmall encyfted tumor, ufually of about the bignefs of a barley-corn, which fometimes degenerates into matter, and occafions great pain and uneafinefs.
The tendernefs of the organ of fight makes it necefiary to be careful about thefe tumors, which, if fituated in any other part of the body, would hardly deferve much attention* Some authors commend cataplafms, and the like applicati- ons, to thefe, but the eye is often hurt by thofe applicati- ons; and it is obferved hefides, that thefe tubercles feldom give way to topical applications of any kind. When they are fmall, it is belt to let them take their own courfe ; but if fo large as to oecafion deformity, or danger of hurting the fight, the way to extirpate them, is to make a longitudinal incifion on the part, and carefully take theiri out whole ; or if it cannot be thus got out clean, it muft be cut out, as far as may be, with fciliors, and drefiedwith ./Egyptian ointment, and a little red precipitate; or touched at times with the common cauftic, till eaten thoroughly away, and then the wound dreffed and healed in the com- mon manner.
This is the method by which the flat and broad-bottomed tumors of this kind are to be extirpated ; and in this great care mult be taken that none of the fharp applications touch the eye, as they might injure the fight. It is common, how- ever, With thefe tumors to hang by a fort of fmall root, and then they are much more eafily managed, there being no more necefiary than the cutting them clofe off with a pair of fcifibrs, or the tying them firmly round with a piece of filk, or horfe-hair. They are fometimes, if taken in time, difperfed by rubbing them with faffing fpittle, or with ap- plying the pulp of a roafted apple mixed with fome faffron and camphor. Heifer's Surgery, p- 365.
STYGIA aqua, a term ufed fometimes to exprefs aqua reo-iaj fometimes for the other ftrong acid fpirits.
STYLE, among botanifts. See Pistil. STYLOBATON, or Stylobata, in architecture, the fame with the pedeftal of a column. It is fometimes taken for the trunk of the pedeftal, between the cornice and the bafe; and then called truncuu It is alfo called by the name of abacus. STYLOCERATOIDES, in anatomy, a name given by Rio- lanus, and fome others, to a mufcle, more generally known by the name of ftylohyoid&us. See the next article.
3 N n n STYLO-
