TRA
T R A
groove or channel ; there is likewife a fmall tubercle on its outer furfacc.
This bone has feveral articular cartilaginous fides, -viz. one brachial, one digital, and two cubital. The brachial fide, which is hollow, is articulated with the os fcaphoides ; the digital with the fir ft phalanx of the thumb ; one of the cubi- tal with the os trapezo'ides, and the other with the firft bone of the metacarpus. The fide which is articulated with the firft phalanx of the thumb, appears to be made up of two fuperficial figmoide or femilunaf half-fides-, difttnguithed by an eminence of the fame figure, being each more hollow to- wards the fides than at the middle, which makes a portion of a fort of fuperricial pulley, with the edges much worn. One of the cubital fides, which is articulated with the os trapezoi- des, is large ; and the other, which joins the firft metacarpal bone, is fmall. JVmjlsvJs Anat. p. 83. TRAPEZIUS (Cycl.)~ This mufcle is a large, broad, thin, flefhy plane, fituated between the occiput and back, and thence extending to the fhoulder, in figure of a large irregular fquare, and, together with the Trapezius of the other fide, it forms a kind of lozenge. Above it is fixed in the fuperior traniVcrfe line of the os occipitis, by a thin feries of flefhy fibres reaching to the mufculus occipitalis, and feeming to cover that mufcle by a kind of aponeurofis. Behind it is fixed to the five fu- perior fpinal apophyfes of the neck, by means of the poltcrior cervical ligament, and immediately to the extremities of the two loweit fpinal apophyfes of the neck, and of all thofe of the back. From all theft; infertions the fibres run in different directions, and terminate by one continued infertion in about one third part of the clavicula, in the pofterior edge of the acromium, and through the whole fuperior labium of the fpine of the fcapula, all the way to the fmall triangular fur- face in that fpine, over which furface the fibres Aide and pafs freely, without being fixed therein. This mufcle covers im- mediately the fplenius or maftoideus fuperior, part of the com- plexus major, the angularis, rhomboides, and part of the la- tifllmus dorli. The common infertion of the two trapezii in the cervical ligament, is the reafon that in pulling cither of them toward one fide of the neck, the other will follow it a little beyond the fpinal apophyfes. Winjloiu's Anatomy,
P- 173- ^
1 RAPEZOID, in geometry, a plane irregular figure, having four fides, no two of which are parallel to each other.
Trapezoides Os, in anatomy, is the fecond bone of the fe- cond row in the carpus. It has its name from its figure fup- pofed to approach that of an unequal fquare; but it might much more properly have been called os pyramidale, being in figure rather a kind of a pyramid, with its point broken off. Its bafis makes a portion of the outer or convex fide of the carpus, and its truncated point a part of the concave fide. It has fevcral articular fides ; one brachial, which is the leaft of all, and Is articulated with the os fcaphoides ; one digital, of a confiderable length, notched on each fide, and divided into two halves by a fort of middle line or angle, which gives it the appearance of a pulley, articulated with the bafis of the firft metacarpal bone ; one radial, irregularly triangular, and articulated with the os trapezium ; and one cubical, a little hollow, and articulated with the os magnum. IVinJlow's Anat. p. 84.
TRAPEZUNTINA Lawns, a name ufed by fome botanical authors, for the Laurocerafus, or common laurel. Chabrtcm^
P- 5i-
TRAPPINGS. Among the antients fome will have the horfc Trappings to have been placed on their breafts ; others, on their forehead ; and others again, on their cheeks. That on the brcaft was a fmall kind of fhield, finely polifhed. Hof?n, Lex. univ. in voc.
TRAQTJENADE, in the manege. See the article En- trepas,
TRASCJNA, in zoology, a name by which fome authors have called the filli, more ufually known by the name of the draco marinus, and arancus, Sahian de Aquatic.
TRAVAIL, in the manege. See the article Travice.
TRAVELLING. The common method of travelling in Eng- land being on horfeback, it may be proper to give fome Ge- neral rules for the keeping the creature found, and doing the bufinefs agreeably, and without many of the accidents which ufually attend it.
Care muff be taken that the fhoes be not too ftrei<*ht, and do not pinch the horfe's feet any way ; but be well fliaped, and fet cafy. It is proper to have them put on frefh' a few days before the journey, that they may laft well, and that they may be fettled to the feet before the fetting out. The bridle is next to be examined ; that the bit of it be proper, and not too heavy : for if it be, it will incline him to carry low when he grows tired, and reft upon the rider's hand : This is what they call the ufing a fifth leg. It is a very difagreeable thing, but may often be avoided, only by taking a proper care of" the bit. The mouth of the bit mould reft upon his bars, about a finger's breadth from his tufhes, fo as not to make his lips uncafy. The curb fhould reft in the hollow of his head, a little above the chin; and if it gall him, the place muft be defended with a- piece of buff or other fort of le.ithcPi 7
The next tiling to be regarded, is the faddle; and pxpfa care muft be taken as to this, that it do not reft cither upon the withers, reins, or back-bone ; and that one part of it do not prefs upon the back, any more than another, Some ridcx gall a horn's fides below the faddle with their ftirrup leathers : This is moft hkcly to happen to a lean horfc ; and to prevent it, a leather (trap fhould be fixed between the points of the fore and hinder bows of the faddle, and the ftirrup-leathers fhould be made to pafs over thefe leathers. It is always belt to begin a long journey by fhort fhges, and this is the more neceffary if the horfe has not been exercifed for fome time before. If it be a horfe that is rid, he ihould be fuffered to itale as often as he likes, and even invited to it ; but, if a mare, fhc is to be lefs indulged in it as lefs ne- ceflary, and often diminifhing her Strength. It is always ad- vifable to ride very foftly for a quarter of an hour, or half
an hour before coming in to the inn at night, that he
may
not be over hot when put into the ftablc ; but if the hafte of the journey will not admit of this, the horfc fhould be walked in fome peffon's hands, to cool him gently before lie is put up.
If the weather is cold a cloth mould be laid over him while he is walked ; and when taken in, his whole body Ihould be rubbed and dried with ftraw. Some have a cuftom of order- ing their horfes legs to be rubbed well down, on their firft coming in ; but this is very prejudicial while the horfe is hot, and fhould always be let alone till he is perfectly cooled. As foon as the horfe is cooled, and ccafes to heat in the flanks, the bridle is to he taken off, the bit wafhed, and hay given him that he may eat at pleafure. The duft in very dry weather will fometimes clog up the tongue of the horfe in fuch a manner, that he cannot cat without great difficulty ; In this cafe fome bran and water fhould be firit given him to wafh his mouth, or the fervant fhould do it with a wetted fpunge.
Thefe arc the proper methods, when the horfe has been rode moderately; but when he has been hurried at a great rate, the faddle is to be taken off as foon as he is put up, and the fweat rubbed off with a fweat knife ; and then the whole body and legs are to be rubbed carefully down, and the head is to be wiped with a cloth, as alfo the' back under the faddle, and the thighs; then the faddle fhould be clapped on again, and the horfe gently led up and down, till cool and dry. The feet arc alfo to be examined, to fee if a Ihoe be wanting, or if any of them prefs upon the fole; and the dirt, gravel, or other foulnefs is to be picked out from between the fhoe and the foot. The openings of the feet may be ftopped with cow-dung, and the hoofs if brittle fhould be anointed with fome fatty fubftance juft at the fetting on ; and in dry wea- ther they fhould be greafed, not only at night, but noon. Many horfes, as foon as unbridled, will lay themfefves down, inftead of eating.
Many are apt on this to fuppofe the horfe fick ; but it is- ge- nerally owing only to the heat and pain they find in their feet, which renders them unable to ftand upon them: in this cafe if their eyes arc examined, they will be found biifk and good, and the hay being offered them as they lie, they will eat it greedily. This fbews there is no inward dilbrder, and the heat and tendcruefs of the feet, if examined, v/ill fhew that they are the part in pain. The principal tiling to be done in this cafe, is taking care that the fhoes do not reft upon the foles. This is not eafily known but by taking off the fhoes, which in cafes of extremity fhould always be done ; it will then be found where the fole is touched by the fhoe, being in that part more fmooth and mining than clfewhcre. In this cafe the feet are to be pared in thofe parts, and then the fhoes are to be fixed on again, anointing the hoofs, and flop- ping the foles with hot black pitch or tar. Thefe are the means by which Travelling will be rendered eafy and commodius both to the rider and the horfe ; but there is fome care alfo to be taken of the creature, after he comes off from a long journey. The firft thing to be done is, that the two heel nails of the fore-feet are to be drawn, and if the fhoe be large, then four fhould be drawn ; two or three ■ days after the horfe fiaould be blooded, and for ten or twelve days after this he fhould be fed with wet hran, without any oats ; but he is to be kept well littered. The reafon of draw- ing the heed nails is, that the feet are apt to fwell after jour- niesj and if this is not done the fhoes prefs upon them in that part, and become very uneafy to them ; it is advifcable to flop them alfo with cow-dung for fome time ; but they are in the wrong who pare them down after taking off the fhoes, for the humours being all in motion after this, they arc apt to fall into the feet.
if there appear any danger of the creature's legs fwelling after the journey, it may be eafily prevented by this means: Take a quantity of the dung of an ox or cow frefh made, mix it with fo much vinegar as will reduce it to a foft palte, and add to it a handful of fait; with this rub ail the hips thoroughly up to the knees, and let it dry on ; give the water in a pail that evening that the legs may not be wetted, and the next morning the horfc is to be led to water, and the whole re- maining matter wafhed off. The jockies have a very cun- ning trick to recover the hoofs of a horfe injured by a long
journey :
