APO
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APO
with that of the Churches which were Jpofiolical by Foun- dation, and becaufeall Eifhops held themfelves Succeffors of theApoftles. SeeBisnop.
The firft time the Term Jpoftolical is attributed to Eifhops, asfuch, is in a Letter of Clovis, to the Council of Orleans, held in 511; tho 1 that King does not there ex- prefsly denominate 'em Jpoftolical, but Jpojiolica fede 2)ig~ niffimi, Highly worthy of the Apoftolicat See. In 581 Guntram calls the Bifhops met at the Council of Afafon, Sipoflolical Pontiffs, Jpojiolici Pontifices.
In progrefs of Time, the Bifhop a£Rome growing in Pow- er above the reft; and the three Patriarchates of Alexan- dria, Antioch and Jerusalem falling into the hands of the Saracens 3 the Title Apofioiical became restrained to the
Pope and his Church alone Tho' fome of the Popes,
as tit. Gregory the Great, not contented to hold the Title by this Tenure, began, at length, to infift, that it belong'd to "em by another and peculiar Right, as being the Succeifors of St. 'Peter.
And hence a Legion of Jpcfolicals 5 s-pojlolical See, Apt>- flolical Nuntio, Jpoftolical Kotary, Jpofiolical Brief, Jpo- fiolical Chamber, $c.
APOSTOLOCI, call'd alfo Apostoli, and Apostles, a NameafTum'd by two different Seels ofHeretitks, on account of their pretending to imitate the Manners and Practice of the Apoftles. See Apostles.
The firft Apofiolici, otherwife call'd jpotaBittf and Jpo- tablici, rofe out of the Encratitg, and Cathari in the II Id Century. They made profeffionof abstaining from Marriage, and the ufe of Wine, Flefh, Money, \$c. See.'AporAc-
TITJE, ENCRATlTiE, %5c.
The other Branch of Apofiolici were of the the Xllth Century : Thefealfo condemned Marriage, but allow 'd of Concubinage j fetafide the ufe of Baptifm $ and in many things imitated the Manichees. St. Sernardwrotc againit 'era.
AFOSTOLORUM Unguentum, the Apojlles Ointments, in Pharmacy, is a kind ot detergent, or cleanfing Unguent, compofed of twelve Drugs ^ the Number of the Apoftles, whence its Kame. See Unguent. It was invented by Avicenna, and is otherwife called Unguentum Veneris. >
The principal Ingredients are Turpentine, Refin, Wax, Gum Ammoniac, Birth-wort Roots, Olibanum, Bdellium, Myrrh, and Galbanum, Opopanax, Verdigreafe, Litharge, Oil ofOHvcs and Vinegar. See Detergent, %£c.
APOSTROPHE, in Rhetoric, a Figure, whereby the Orator, in an extraordinary Commotion, turns his Difcourfe from the Audience, and directs it to fome other Perfon, or thing. See Figure.
Thus Cicero, in his Oration for Milo, addreffes himfelf to the Great Patriots who had fhed their Blood for the Pub- lic 3 and calls 'em to the defence of his Client. So the fame Orator in his firft Catilinarian directs himfelf to Jupiter the Protector of the City and Empire, and befeeches him to re- pel the Parricide, &c.
The Jpoftrophe is frequently alfo addrefs'd to Inanimates,
as Tombs, Monuments, Defuncts, &c. Cicero's Jpo-
(Irophe to Tubero, in his Oration fovLigarius, is judg'd one of the fineft Paffages in his Works.
That Apostrophe of iDemofihenes, wherein he addreffes himfelf to the Greeks flain at the Battle of Marathon, is famous. Cardinal '■Pcrvon fays, it has procured the Orator as much Glory as ifhc had rais'd 'em from the Dead.
The Word is Greek &Torpop<j, averfw j form'd ofa-jo, ab, from, and s-jipa, verto, I turn,
Apostrophe, in Grammar, is an Accent or Character, placed over a Letter, in lieu of a Vowel, to denote that the Vowel is cut off, and not to be pronounced. See Ac- cent and Character. As in H.v'n for Even; Tffstn- geiic Hofi, for 'The Angelic, c\c. — The affectation of frequent Apoftrophes, fo ufual among fome late Englijb Writers, is a great Abufe. See Anomalous.
APOTACTITJE, or Apotactici, an anticnt Sett, who affecting to follow the Evangelical Counfels of Poverty, and the Examplesof the Apoftles, and primitive Christians, re- noune'd all their Effects and Poffeffions. See AtosTOLicr.
It docs not appear that they gave into any Errors during their firft State: Some Ecclefiaftical Writers affure us, they had divers Holy Virgins, and Martyrs, under the Per- fection of c Dioclefian, in the IVth Century : but they af- terwards fell inio the Hercfy of the Encratita:, and taught that the renouncing of all Riches, was not only a Matter of
Council and Advice, but of Precept and Neceflity And
hence the <Jth Law in the Theodofian Code joyns the Apo- ia£tit<£ with the Eunomians and Arians. See Eunomian and Ari an.
The Word is form'd of the Greek aimASSM, or A^oraTJu, 1 renounce
APOTHECARY, a Perfon who praBifes Pharmacy, or that part of Phyfick which confifts in the Preparation and Compofition of Medicines, See Pharmacy and Medi- cine.
Nich. Langius has wrote a large Volume esprefsiy ** gainft ^Apothecaries, their quid pro qw\ Ignorance iri the Materia Medica, andiufieringthemfelves to b-foeafi- lymrpofed on by foreign Merchants, DruegHh, & c . who iupplyem with adulterated Drugs, one fort for another old Eftcete exhauftcd ones, for new ones juft imported froui the Levant, &c. See Drugs, Qu r d pro £>iiq, &c.
The Apothecaries in England are obliged to make up their Medicines, according to the Formula's prefcribed in the College Difpenfatory. Sec Dispensa.tory, Offi- cinal, l£c. Their Shops are fubject to the Vifuation of
the Cenfors of the College; who are empowered to deftroy fuch Medicines as they think good. See College.
Bartholin complains of the too great number of Apothe- caries in ^Denmark; tho' there were but three in Copenha- gen, and four in all the Kingdom befide : What would he have faid of London, where there are upwards of 1500?
The Word is derived from the Greek airtnm, Shop, by way of Eminence.
APOTHEGM. See Apophthegm.
APOTHEOSIS, in Antiquity, a Heathen Ceremony, whereby their Emperors and great Men were placed among the Gods. See God.
After the Apotheofis, which they alio called 7)eifcatwtl zti&Conficration ■■> Tcmplesand Altars were erected to the new Deity, and Sacrifices, &c. offer'd to him. See Deifi- cation, Consecration, Altar, Sacrifice, fyc.
It was one of the Doctrines of Pythagoras, which he had borrow'd from the Chaldees; that virtuous Perfons, after their Death, were rais'd into the Order of the Gods. See Pythagorj ans.
And hence the Anticnts deified all thelnvemors of things ufeful to Mankind; and thofe who had done any important
Service to the Commonwealth Tiberius propofed to
the Roman Senate the Apotheofis of Jcfus Chriffc, as is re- lated by Eufebius, Tertulliau, and St. Chryfojio?n. Juvenal rallying on the frequent Apotheofis, introduces poor Atlas., complaining that he was ready to fink under rhe Burthen of fo many Gods as were every day added to the Heavens. Sec Heaven.
Ss?ieca ridicules the Apotheofs of Claudius with admirable
Humour Herodian, in (peaking of the Apoth ojis of Se~
verm, gives us a very curious Defcription of the Ceremo- nies ufed in the Apotheofis of the Roman Emperors
A.fter the Body of the deceafed Emperor, fays he, had been burnt with the ufual Solemnities, they placed an Image of Wax, perfectly iikchim, butofa fickly Afpect, on alaro^. Bed oflvoiy, covered with Cloth of Gold, in the Veftibuk; of the Palace. The greatcft part of the Day, the Senate fat ranged on the left Side of the Bed, drefs'd in Robes of Mourning; the Ladies of the firft Rank fitting on the right Side, in plain white Robes, without any Ornament— — — This lafted for feven Days fucccflively, during which, the Phyfkians came from time to time to viin.the Sick, always making their Report that he grew worfe; till at length they publifh'd ir, that he was dead.
This done, the young Senators and Ro?nan Knights take the Bed of State upon their Shoulders, carrying it thro* the Via Sacra, to the old Forinn, where (he Magistrates were ufed to diveft themfeWes of their Offices. There, they fct it down between two kind of Amphitheatres, in the one whereof are the Youth, and in the other the Maidens of the firft Families in Rome, finging Hymns fee to folemn Airs, in praife of the deceafed. Thefe Hymns ended, the Bed is carried out of the City into the Campus Martins, in the middle of which Place is erected a kind of fquare Pavilion, the Infidc whereof is full of combuftiblc Matters, and tho Outfide hung with Cloth of Gold, and adorned with Figures of Ivory, and various Paintings.
Over this Edifice are feveral others, like the firft in Form and Decoration, but lefs; always diminifhing and growing
flenderer towards the Top. On the fecond of thefe is
placed the Bed of State, and a great Quantity of Aroma- ticks, Perfumes, and odoriferous Fruits and Herbs are thrown all around; after which, the Knights make a Pro- ceffion or Cavalcade in folemn Meafures around the Pile - feveral Chariots alfo run round it, thofe who conduct them being clad in purple Robes, and bearing the Images of the grcateft Roman Emperors and Generals.
This Ceremony ended, the new Emperor comes to the Catafalcha or Pile, with a Torch in his Hand 5 and at the fame time, fire is {"ct to it, on all Sides j the Spices and other Comhuftibles kindling all at once.
While this is doing, they let fly from the Top of the Building, an Eagle, which mounting into the Air with a Fire-brand, carries the Soul of the dead Emperor along with it into Heaven, as the Rowans believe 5 and thence- forward he is rank'd among the Gods -'Tisfor this Rea-
fon, that the Medals, wherein Afotkcufes are reprefented, have ufually an Altar with Fire upon it; or however, an Eagle taking its Flight into the Air, and fometimes two Eagles,
The
