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five Orders as laid down by Palladia, Vignola, Scamozzi, &c. which fame Defign was alio executed in French by R. Freart de Cambray , in a "parallel of the antient Archi- tecture with the Modern, publifhM in French in 1650, and Since translated into Engiifi? with Additions, by Mr. Evelyn. Fr. Slondel Director of the Royal Academy of Painting, ££?c, in 1698, gave a Courfe of Architecture, in French; being a Collection from all the celebrated Writers upon the Sub- ject of the Orders, &c.—Nicb. Goldman, in a Treatife de Stylometris, publifli'd in Latin and High-Dutch, in the Year 1661, has done good Service, in reducing the Rules and Orders of Architecture to a further Degree of Perfec- tion, and Shewing how they may be eaSily delineated by means of certain Instruments invented by him.
Laftly, the Elements of Architecture are laid down by Sir U.Wotton — The fame are reduced by Sturmius, and Woi- fius, to certain Rules and Demonstrations; and thus is Ar- chitecture brought into the Form of a Mathematical Art; by the firST, in his Mathefis JnveniL and the fecond, in his Elementa Math'efeos, Tom. II. An. 171;.
Military Architecture, is the Art of Strengthening and fortifying Places, to fcreen them from the Infults ot Enemies, and the Violence of Arms. See Fortified "Place.
This we more ufually call Fortification. See Fortifi- cation.
The Eufinefs of Military Architecture, is to erect Forts, Caflles, and other Fortre/fes, with Ramparts, Soft ions , &c. See Fortress, Rampart, Bastion,^.
Naval Architecture, of Shipbuilding 5 is that which teaches the ConftrufHon of Ships, Galleys, and other floating Veffels for the Water; with Ports, Moles, Docks, &c, on the Shore, See Vessel, Ship, Galley, Boat, ggfo fee alfo Mole, Dock, ££?<;.
Architecture in Perspective, is a fort of Building, wherein the Members are of different Meafures and Mo- dules, and di minim in proportion to their Distance; to make the Work appear longer and larger to the View than really it is. See Perspective.
Such is the celebrated Pontifical Stair-cafe of the Vatican, built under Pope Alexander VII. by the Cavalier Bernino.
Counterfeit Architecture, is that which has its Pro- jectures painted, either in Black or White, or coloured af- ter the Manner of Marble; as is feen praclifed in rhe Fa- cades and Palaces in Italy, and in the Pavilions of Marly.
This Painting is made in Frefco, upon plaifter'd Walls; and in Oil, on Walls ot Stone. See Painting and Fresco.
Under the Name of Counterfeit Architecture, which we otherwife call Scene-Work, is likewife comprehended, that painted on flight Boarus or Planks of Wood, whereon the Col um nil, Pilaliers, and other Parts of Building, feem to Stand out, with a Relievo; the whole being coloured in imitation of various Marbles, Metal, &c. and ferving in the Decorations of Theaters, triumphal Arches, Publick Entries, Funeral Pomps, £j?e.
ARCHITRAVE, in Building, that part of a Column, or Order of Column, which lies immediately upon the Capital. See Order and Capital.
The Architrave is the loweft Member of the Frieze, and even of the whole Entablature. See Frieze and Enta- blature.
The Architrave is fuppofed to reprefent the principal Beam in Timber Buildings; whence the Name, which is form'd of the Greek a,<?yja, chief; and the Latin Trabs , Beam. See Beam, ^c.
The Architrave is different in the different Orders—
In the Tiifcau it only confifts of a plain Face, crown'd with a Fillet; and is half a Module in Height. See Face, Tuscan, £5?c.
In the Z)orick and Compofite, it has two Faces, orFafcia;; and three in the lonick and Compofite; in which laSt Order it is ~;~ of a Module high, tho' but half a Module in the reft. See Fascia, Doric, Corinthian, ££c.
Architects, however, take a deal of Latitude in this Part; fome ufing more Members than others; and many of them having two or three Forms of Architraves. What we give is after Vignola.
Architrave is fometimes alfo called the Reafon-piece, or Mafler-bcam in Timber-Buildings, as Porticos, Cloifters, &c. In Chimneys it is called the Mantle-piece 5 and over the Jambs of Doors, or Lintels of Windows, Hyperthyron. See Mantle,^.
The Greek, call it the Epifiyle. See Ei-i-style.
ARcniTRAVE-.2)ocn, are thofe which have an Archi- trave on the Jambs and over the Door; upon the Cap- piece, if Strait, or on the Arch, if the Top be curved. See Door, Jamb, &c.
Ab. chit ik AVE-PVindo-tvs, of Timber, are commonly an Ogee rais'd out of the folic! Timber, with a Lift over it- tho* fometimes the Mouldings are Struck and laid on; and fometimes are cut in Brick. See Window.
The upper Fafcia is called the Header, or heading 4 chitrave; and the lower the Jac. ' 6 "*'**
ARCHITYPE. See Archetype.
ARCHIVAULT, in Architeaure, the inner Contour an Arch; or a Band or Frame adorned with MuiiUm running over the Faces of the Arch-Stones, and bea/*' upon the Impofts. See Arch, Vault, Impost, & c "^
It is different in the different Orders — In the Tufcan • has only a Single Face; two Faces crown'd, in the 2)or l and lonick; and the fame Mouldings with the Architn in the Corinthian and Compofite.
The Word is French, Archivolte, where it Signifies a fame thing. e
iRCHIVE, or Archives, a Chamber wherein the R Is, Charters, and other Papers and Evidences of a Houf* Community, are preferved. See Record, Paper tit ?hus we iay the Archives of a College, of a MonaAeST
ARCHIVE, or Archives, a Chamber wherein tViPU cords, ™ or Co
Thus wc iay the jstremves or a college, ot a Monad
The Archives of antient Rome, were in the Temple of Saturn; and the Archives of Chancery are in the if //j Office. See Chancery, Rolls, &c.
The Code calls Archivum publicum, vel Armarium M licum ttbi acta & Libri exponebantur. Code de fid, h Jlrum. Auth. & xxx. q. 1.
The Word comes from the Latin Area, {quod arceat VI fum) a ChefS- or Coffer; or the Greek dtx^w- which Sui- das ufes in the fame Senfe. In fome Latin Writersweread Archarium.
ARCHNOIDES, Arachnoides, or Aranea Tunica See Arachnoides.
ARCHON, in Antiquity, a chief Magistrate of Athens.
After the Athenians had abolifhcd Monarchy, they crea- ted Archons, who were obliged to render an Account of their A.dminiftration.
Some of thefe were annual, and others perpetual; Me- don, the Son of Codrus, was the iirft of thofe; and Creou of thefe.
The Occafion of their Institution was this : Codrus, King of Athens, having devoted himfelf, for the good of his Peo- ple, in the War with the Heraclid£ 5 his Sons, Medon and N/leus, difputed the Crown betwixt them : The Athenians took this Occafion of diffolving their Monarchy, and in lien of Kings, created perpetual Governors, under the Name of Archons. — Medon, Son of Codrus, was he wh firft had this Charge, and his Defendants enjoy'd it fur a long Sueceffion of Years, But a perpetual Magistracy, feem'd to this free People, too lively an Image of Royalty, the very Sha- dow whereof they were refolved to abolim. — According])', the Administration of m Archon, which had before been per- petual, they now reduced to ten Years; and fome time af- ter, to one; with a View of recovering, as oft as poffible, the Authority into their own Hands, which they never tranf- ferr'd to the Magistrates, but with Regret.
_ There were thirteen perpetual Archons, and fevendecen- nial; the firft whereof was eftabljfhed in the 24th Olym- piad.
Under the Roman Emperors, feveral Greek Cities had two Archons, for chief Magistrates, which were the fame with the Tfuumviri in the Colonies and Municipia. See Duum- vir.
The Name Archon is alfo applied by fome Authors to di- vers Officers both civil and religious, under the Ealtern or Greek Empire. — Thus Bifhops are fometimes call'd Archil tes; and the fame may be laid of the Lords of the Empe- ror's Court.
We alfo read of the Archon of the Antimenfes, Archon 0} Archons, Grand Archon, Archon of Churches, Archon of the Gofpel, Archon of the Walls, &c.
The Word comes from the Greek d^yjov, which iigniiies a Commander, or one that governs.
ARCHONTICKS, Archontici, in Church-Hiftory, a Se&ofHereticks, who arofe towards the Ciofe of the fecond Century. See FIeretick.
They were thus called from the Greek Word w%^ Principalities, or Hierarchies of Angels; by reafon they held the World to have been created by the Angels. See Ancel, Hierarchy.
The Archontici were a Branch otValentinians. See Va-
LENTINIAN.
ARCH-TREASURER, Archithefaurarius, the Great Treasurer of the German Empire. See Treasurer.
This Office was erecfed with the 8th Electorate, ijj*" vour of the Elector Palatine, who had loft his former Elec- torate, which was given to the Duke of 'Bavaria, hv » 6 Emperor Ferdinand II. who took it away from Frederic Vj Elector Palatine, after the Battle of Prague, where he ^ defeated in maintaining his Election to the Crown of #°'; *" mia. See Elector. ,
The Dignity of Arch-Treafurer is contefted between tW> Elector of Briwfivic, now King of Great-Britain, ^ claims it in Virtue of his Succeffion to the lUeSoriW^* 5
and the prefent Elector Palatiu
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