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The Ufe and Diftinction of the definite and indefinite 'Articles Ic or la, and de or da, make one of the greateft Difficulties in the French Tongue, as being utterly arbitrary, and only to be acquired by Practice.— We may add, that in the BngUJh, tho' the Ankles be fo few, yet they are of fuch frequent Ufe, that they eafily difcover any Stranger, from a natural Englifhman. See English and French.
ARTICULARIS, Articular, in Medicine, an Epi- thet applied to a Difeafe which more immediately infefts the Articuli, or Joints.— The Morbus Articularis, is the fame with the Greek aflvarit, and our Gout. See Ar- thritis and Gout.
ARTICULATE Sounds, are thofe which exprefs the Letters, Syllables, &c, of any Alphabet, or Language. See Sound, Letter, Alphabet, &c.
Brutes cannot form articulate Sounds, cannot articulate the Sounds of their Voice ; excepting fome few Birds, as the Parrot, Pye, &c. See Voice.
ARTICULATION, ArticulAtio, in Grammar, a diftinct Pronunciation of Words and Syllables. See Pro- nunciation, &c.
Articulation, is that part of Grammar which treats firft of Sounds, and Letters; then of their Combination, for the compofing of Syllables and Words. Hence he who pro- nounces his Words clearly, and diftinctly, is faid to pronounce them articulately. See Letter, Syllable, Word, iSc.
Articulation, in Anatomy, a Juncture or Connexion of two Bones, defign'd for Motion. See Bone, Motion, &c.
There are various Forms and Kinds of Articulation, fui- ted to the feveral Sorts of Motion and Action. — That which has a notable and manifeft Motion, is called Diartbrofis. See Diarthrosis. — This is fubdivided into Enartbrqfis, Artbrodia, and Ginglymus. See each in its Place, Enar- throsis, Arthrodia, and Ginglymus.
That which only admits of an obfeure Motion, is called Synartbr-ofis ; fee Synarthrosis. — It is fubdivided into Sympbifis, Sutura, Harmonia, Syffarccfis, Syncoudrofis, Syneurofis, Syntenqfis, and Synymenjis. See Symphisis, Sutura, Harmonia,^.
ARTIFICIAL, ARTiFiciALiSjfomething made by Art; not produced naturally, or in the common Courfe of Things. See Art.
' Art is ufually confider'd as a Thing very different from 1 Nature; and artificial Things, from natural ones: Whence 1 arifes another more grievous Error, viz. that Art is a dif- c ferent Principle built upon Nature, and of fuch Power, ' as to be able, either to perfect what Nature had begun,
- to rectify and amend her when difordered, or to free her
' when confined ; tho' not utterly to divert or tranfmute < her. — But the Truth is, artificial Things do not differ ' from natural ones in Nature or Form, but only in the
- Efficient : Man has no Power over Nature, befide what
- he has by Motion ; in vertue whereof, he can apply natu-
' ral Bodies to, or remove them from, one another. Where ' fuch Application, or joining of active Things to paflive ' ones, is practicable, there may Man do any thing ; where 1 it is not, nothing. Gold we fometimes fee purified by the 1 Chymifl's Fire ; and fometimes find it perfectly pure in
- the Sands, Nature herfelf having done the Bufinefs : So
1 the Rainbow is fometimes form'd on high in the Water ' of a Cloud ; and fometimes here below by a fprinkling of ' Water. Nature, therefore, governs all Things ; under c this Subordination, of the Courfe of Nature, the Latitude ' or Evagation of Nature, and Art, or Man fuper-added ' to her other Works. "Bacon de Augmeii. Sclent, lib. II. See Nature.
Artificial frequently coincides with factitious. See Factitious.
Thus we have artificial Sal-Armoniac, artificial Borax, &c. Sec Armoniac and Borax.
Ap.tificial Day. See Day.
ARTiFiciALGlobc,Sphere, gfc. SeeGLOBE,SPHERE,£J?£.
Artificial Horizon. See Horizon.
Artificial Eye. See Eye.
Artificial Numbers, are Secants, Sines, and Tan- gents.—' See Secant, Sine, and Tanoent; fee alfo Lo- garithmical.
Artificial Lilies, on a Sector or Scale, are certain Lines fo contrived, as to reprefent the Logarithmick Sines, and Tangents ; which, by the help of the Line of Num- bers, will folve all Queftions in Trigonometry, Navigation, t!?c. pretty exactly. See Line, Scale, Sector, (gc.
Artificial Fire-works, are Compofitions of inflam- mable Materials ; chiefly ufed on folemn Occasions, by Way ofRejoycing. See Fire-works.
Artificial Arguments, in Rhetoric, are all fuch Proofs or Considerations as arife from the Genius, Induftry, or In- vention of the Orator. See Ap.gument and Invention.
Such are Definitions, Caufes, EjfeEls, &c. which are thus called to diftinguifh them from Laws, Authorities, Citations, and other Arguments of that Nature, which ate faid to be
inartificial Arguments. See Definition, Authority, ZSl.
ARTILLERY, the heavy Equipage of War; compre- hending all forts of great Fire-arms with their Appurte- nances, as Cannons, Mortars, Bombs, Petards, Mufqucts, Carbines, &c. See Cannon, Mortar, Gun, Petard, t£c.
In this Senfe, the Word Artillery coincides with what we otherwife call Ordnance. See Ordnance.
There was no attacking fuch a Piace for want of heavy Artillery. — The Perfians, we are told in the Embaffy of Figueroa, would never, in r 5 rS, have cither Artillery or Infantry in their Armies, by reafon they hinder 'd their Char- ging and retiring with fo much Nimblenefs; wherein their chief military Addrefs and Glory lay.
The Term Artillery is fometimes alfo applied to the antient Inftruments of War, as the Catapults, battering Rams,£5?c. See Aries, Machine, Catapults, c?c.
Park of Artillery, is that Piace in a Camp fet apart for the Artillery, or large Fire-arms.
Traile or Train of Artillery, is a Set, or certain Num- ber of Pieces of Ordnance mounted on Carriages, with all their Furniture fit for Marching. — To it frequently belong Mortar-pieces, with Bombs, Carcaffes, &e. under the Di- rection of a Matter of the Artillery. Sec Master.
There are Trains of Artillery in moft of the King's Ma- gazines, as in the 'Tower, at Portfmoutb, Plimoutb, Sec.
AR.TiL.T.'BRY-Company, is a Band of Infantry, confifting of 600 Men, making part of the Militia or City-guard. See Militia.
Their Officers are a Leader , two Lieutenants, two En- figns, three Gentlemen of Arms, &c.
Artillery is alfo ufed for what we otherwife call !Py- rotechnia, or the Art of Fire-works, with the Inftruments and Apparatus belonging thereto. See Pyrotechnia.
The Writers upon Artillery, are Cafimir Semionowitz, Apole, Suebnerus, Srauuius, Micth, and De S. Remigio, in his Memores de Artillerie, which contains an accurate Defcription of all the Machines and Inftruments of War now in Ufe, with every Thing that relates thereto.
ARTOTYRITES, or Artotyritje, a Sefl in Religion ; being a Branch of rhe antient Montanifts, who firft appear'd in the fecond Century, and infected all Galatia. See Mon- tanist.
They ufed Bread and Cheefe in the Eucharift, or perhaps Bread baked with Cheefe. — Their Reafon was, that the firfl Men offer'd to God, not only the Fruits of the Earth, but of their Flocks too.
Hence, according to St. Augufim, came their Name, which is Greek ; being compofed of apr©-, Bread, and £i/p©-, Cheefe.
AR VALES Fratres, were Priefls in antient Rome, who affifted in the Sacrifices of the Ambarvalia offer'd every Year to Ceres and Bacchus for the Profperity of the Fruits of the Earth, viz, of the Corn and' Wine. See Priest and Ambarvalia, £fc.
They were inftituted by Romulus, and were twelve in Number ; all of them Perfons of the firft Diftinction ; the
Founder himfelf having been of the Body They made a.
College, called Collegium Fratrum Arvatium. See College.
The Mark of their Dignity, was a Garland, compofed of Ears of Corn, tied with a white Ribbon, which 'Pliny fays, was the firft Crown in Ufe at Rome. See Crown.
The Word is originally Latin, and is formed from Ar- vtim, a Field ; becaufe, in their Ceremonies, they went in Proceffion a-round the Fields : Others fay, becaufe they were appointed Arbitrators of all Differences relating to the Limits of Fields and Land-Marks.
According ro Fulgentius, Acca Laurentia, Romulus'* Nurfe, was the firft Founder of this Order of Priefts : She, it feems, had twelve Sons, who ufed to walk before her in the Sacrifice ; one of whom dying, Romulus, in favour of his Nurfe, promifed to take his Place; and hence, fays he, came this Sacrifice, the Number twelve, and the Name of Brother.— 'Pliny feems to indicate the fame thing, when he mentions that Romulus inftituted Priefts of the Fields, after the Example of Acca Laurentia his Nurfe,
ARUSPICES, an Order of Priefts among the antient Romans, who foretold Things to come, by infpecting the Entrails of Beafts killed in Sacrifice. See Priest and Sacrifice.
The Word is derived from baruga, which fignifies the Entrails of Victims; and afpicere, to view or confider. O-
thers fay, from Aras, and Infpicere, to infpect the Altars.
Fa. Perron is pofitivc the Word was originally form'd of the Celtic Au, Liver; and fpicio, I look; whence Allfpex : Which being a Word fomewhat rude of Pronunciation, they thence form'd Arufpex. See Auspices.
The Doctrine or Difcipline of the Arufpices, was form'd into a precife Art, called Arufpicina. See Divination.
ARYT.ENOIDES, in Anatomy, the third and fourth Cartilages of the Larynx, fituate under the Thyroides; call'd alio Gnttales. See Larynx.
The Arytanoides are thus called on account of the Figure of an Ewer 3 which, together, they fomewhai; rcfemble:
From
