BOU
( 120)
BOW
EOSPHORUS, in Geography, a Streight,' Channel, or narrow Sea, which, it is iuppofed, a Bullock may fwim over.
This Name is now confin'd to two Streights in the Me- diterranean Sea ; viz. the Bofphorus of T 'brace, common- ly call'd, t\iG,Stxc\^its oi Confirm! inople, or Channel of the 'Black Sea$ and the Cywmertan Bofphorus, now more commonly call'd the Streights of Kaphc, or Kiderleri, from two Cities {landing on it.
The Word is originally Greek, and is form 'd from jAr,$ttj andfjpw, I carry $ or from 0& and ■rep©-, ^PaJJagc. The Ety- mology of the Word is pretty well agreed on; but the Realon why it was given, is extremely controverted : Nym- pbius tells us, on the Authority of Accarion, that the -'Phrygians, defiring to pafs the T'hracian Streight, built a Veflfel, on whofe Prow was the Figure of a Bullock. 'Pliny, i)ionyJius, Val. Fin cats, (Pclybius, Callimachus, cV.c fay, that Jo being transform Yi into a Cow by fjfifflQ 3 pafs'd this Streight; which hence was call'd Bofphorus. Arrian tells us, that the 'Phrygians were enjoin'd by the Oracle, to follow the Rout which a Bullock mould mark out to 'em ; and that upon ftirring one up, it jump'd into the Sea to avoid their Purfuit, and (warn over this Streight. Others Jay, that an Ox, tormented by a Gad-fly, threw it felf in and fwara over ; and others, that antiently the Inhabitants of thefe Cbafts, when they would pafs over, join'd little Boats together, and had 'em drawn over by Bullocks, &c. The Cimmerian Bofphorus feems to have been fo call'd, from its reiemblance to the T'hracian.
BOSSAGE, or Bofcagc, in Architecture, is us'd for any Stone that has a Projechirc, and is laid in its Place in a Building uncut; to he afterwards carv'd into Mouldings, Ca- pitals, Arms, ISc Bcfthges, are alfo what we otherwife call Ruftick Work ; confiding of Stones which feem to advance beyond the naked of a Building, by reafon of Indentures, or Channels left in the Joinings ; ufed chiefly in the Corners of Buildings, and thence call'd Ruftick grains. The Cavity or Indenture is fomctimes round, fometimes fquare, fometimes cham frain'd, or bevel'd : fometimes in the Diamond Form : Sometimes it is inclos'd with a Cavctto, fometimes with a Liftel.
BOTANY, the Science of Herbs; or that part of Medi- cine, and Agriculture, which treats of Plants, whether Me- dicinal or others 5 their fcveral Kinds, Forms, Virtues and Ufes. The Word comes from the Greek $ojdv«, Herh ; and that from &oto(, ViBuals ; and /3dtq? from 0ur t I feed ; becaufe moil Animals feed on Herbs. See Medicine, and Gardening.
The mod eminent Botanifts among the Antients, were Ilippccratcs, <Paracelfus,T)wfcGrides, c Pliny, Galen, &c. In the XVIth Century, the aptivat Botany, which had been loll: a great many Ages, wasinduftrioufly reviv'd; principally by Leoniccnus, 3rafavolus,Cordus, Fuchfvus,Matthiolus, iDale- cbampius, Sec. In the fame Century a Number of other Hands were added to the Oar ; by whofe Induttry, the Art was firft brought into a Syftem of Body ; as Gefner, T)vdoneus, Cefalpinus, Clufius, Lobel, Columna 'JProfper Alpinus, the two Banhins, Plukemt, &c. Others have come fince, and contributed to bring it ftill nearer Perfec- tion ; viz. Mcrifo7?, Malpighi, Herman, Ray, Magnol, Tbumefort, Sloan, ckc. See Herb, Plant, £S?c.
BOTE, in our old Law-Books, fignifics Compenfation, Recompcnce, or Amends : Hence Man-bote or Mon-botc, amends for a Man flain, who was bound to another ; hence al- fo Sotelefsj where no Judgment or Favour will acquit a Man; as. v. g. for Sacrilege, $$c. Hence alfo our common Phrafe, To boor. See Hepg-Bote, Plow-Bote, House-Bote, &c.
BOTTOMAGE, or Bottomry, is when the Matter of a Ship borrows Money upon the "Bottom or Keil of it ; fo as to forfeit the Ship it fclf to the Creditor, if the Money be not paid at the Time appointed, with the Intereft of forty or fifty Pounds per Cent, at the Ship's fafe Return : But if the Ship mifcarry, the Lender lofes his Money, and therefore the Intereft is ufually fo great. Others ftate it thus ; one Man lends Money to a Merchant who wants it to traffick, and is to be paid a greater Sum at the Return of the Ship ; Handing to the Hazard of the Voyage : So that tho the Intere ft be illegal, yet it is not efteem'd Ufury.
EOTTONY, a Term in Heraldry, for one of their CrofTes, of this Figure ; Argent a Crofs Bottony Sable, by the Name of
BOUCHE of Court, or vulgarly Budge of Court, is to have Meat and Drink fcot-frec there : In which Sence the French fay, Avoir Boucbe a la Cour, to be in Ordinary at Court. This Privilege is fometimes only extended to Bread, Beer and Wine. 'Twas a Cuftom antiently in ufe, as well in the Houfes of Noblemen, as in the King's Court. See Mouth.
BOULDER- WALLS, a kind of Walls built of round Flints or Pebbles, laid in a flrong Mortar ; ufed where the Sea has a Beach caft up, or where there are plenty of Flints. See Wall.
BOULTINE, in Architecture, the Workman's Term for a Moulding, whofe Convexity is jutt .*. of a Circle ♦ placed next below the Piinth, in the Tufcan and Dorick Capital. See Quarter-Round, and Echinus.
BOURGERMESTERS, or Burgmefters, the Chief Magiftrates in the Cities of Germany, Holland and Flan- ders. To them belongs the giving of Orders for the Government, Adminiftration of Juftice, Policy, and Fi- nances of the Place : Tho the Authority and Oihxe of a Bourgermefter is not every where alike ; each City having its Particular Laws and Statutes. The Word is form'd from the two Flemijb Words, Borger, Burgcfs or Citizen, and Meefler, Mafter. Some expreis it in Latin, by Con- fill, others by Senator. M. Bruneau observes, that Bour- gcrmeftcr, in Holland, anfwers to what we call Alderman and Sheriff in England ; Attorney at Corapiegnc, Capitoul at T'boloufe, Confui in Langucdoc, &c.
BOUTANT, in Architecture. An Arc-bout 'ant ,is an Arch or Buttrels, fcrving to fuftain a Vault ; and which is it felf fuftained by fome ftrong Wall or Maflive-work. A Pillar boiitant, is a large Chain or Jaumb of Stone, made to fup- port a Wall, Terrafs, or Vault. The Word is French^ and comes from the Verb Bouter, to but, ot a-bttt.
BOUTS RIMEZ, a popular Term in the French Poe- try ; Signifying certain Rbimes, difpos'd in Order, and given to a P*oet together with a Subjeft, to be fill'd up with Verfes ending in the fame Word, and in the fame Order. The Invention of the Bouts Rimez, is owing to one t Du Lot, a Poet, in the Year 1049, In fixing the Bouts, 'tis ufual to chufe fuch as feem the wildeft, and have the leaft Connexion. Some good Authors fancy, that thefe Rhimes are of all others the leaft perplexing ; and furnifti the moft new Matter of all others. Sarrafin has a Poem on the De- feat of the Bouts Rimez. The Academy at Toulo?iJe have contributed towards keeping in Countenance the Bouts Rimez ; by propofing each Year a Sett of 14, to be fill'd up on the Glories of the Grand Monarqtie ; The victori- ous Sonnet to be rewarded with a fine Medal. An Inftance hereof is the following one, fill'd up by C P, Commire.
Tout eft grand dans le Roi, V Afpett feul de fin bufte,
Rend nos fiers Ennemis plus froids que des Glacons :
Et Guillaume n attend que le Terns des Moiflbns,
'Pour ft voir Soccomber fans im bras ft robufte.
Jgu'on ne nous vante plus les Miracles d* Augufte ;
Ifotiis de bien regnir lui feroit des Lecons :
Horace en vain I' egale mix Dieux dansfes Chanfon?.
Mows que men Hcros il etoitfage 1$ jufte, %$c.
BOW, a Beam of Wood, or Brafs, with three long Screws, that govern or direct a Lath of Wood or Steel to any Arch : Us'd commonly to draw Draughts of Ships, Projeclions of the Sphere ; or, wherever it is requisite, to draw large Arches.
Bow is alfo an Instrument formerly us'd at Sea s confid- ing of a large Arch of 90 Degrees graduated ; three Vanes, and a Shank or Staff; a Shade- Vane, a Sight- Vane, and an Horizon- Vane.
Bow of a Ship, is that Part of her which begins at the Loof, and compaffing Ends at the Stem, and ends at the Sternmoft Part of the Fore-Caftle. If a Ship hath a broad Boiv, they call it a hold Sow ; if fhe hath a narrow thin Boiv, they fay fhe hath a lean Sow. The Piece of Ord- nance that lies in this Place, is call'd the Bow 'Piece of Ordnance ; and the Anchors that hang there, are call'd, her Great or Little Bower.
Bowbearer, an under Officer of the Foreft, who' is to obferve and take notice of all manner of Trefpafs to Vert or Venifon ; and to attach, or caufe to be attach'd, the Of- fenders, in the next Court of Attachment.
BOWER, an Anchor carry'd at the Bow of the Ship, is call'd her Bower : There are ufually carry'd two there, the firft and fecond Bower ; but the greateit Anchor is carry'd in the Hold.
BOWLING, or rather Bow-Line, a Rope faiten'd to the Leach, or middle Part of the Outfide of the Sail in a Ship, fix'd in three or four Parts of the Sail ; call'd the Bowling-bridle .- The Mizen- Bowling is faften'd to the lower End of the Yard. All Sails have the Bowling, ex- cept the Sprit-fail, and Sprit-fail-top-fail : and therefore thofe Sails cannot be ufed clofe by a Wind ; the ufe of the Bowling being to make the Sails ftand fliarp, or clofe, or by a Wind. The Terms are, Sharp the Bowling, Haul up the Bowling, Set j "aft the Bowling ; that is, Pull it up hard, more forward on : But when they fay, Eafe the Bow- ling, checkfOr runup the Bowling ; they mean, Let it more Hack. A Bowling-Knot, is a Knot that will not flip ; by which the Bo wling- Bridle is faften'd to the Crengles.
BOWSE,
