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Method of m&fovg Chocolate, now in ufe Spaniards of Mexico.
The Fruit being gather'd from the Cacao Tree, is dry'd in the Sun, and the Kernel taken out, and roafted at the fire, in Iron Peels picrc'd full of Holes ; then pounded in a Mortar ; then ground on a Marble Stone, with a Grind- er of the fame Matter, till it be brought into the Confif- tence of a Pafte ; mixing with it more or lefs Sugar, as it is to be more or lefs fweet. In proportion as the Pafle ad- vances, they add fome long Pepper, a little Achiot, and laftly Vanilla ; Some add Cinnamon, Cloves, and Anis ; and thofe who love Perfumes, Mull and Ambergris.
There is alfo a kind of Mexican Chocolate in the Com- pofition whereof there enter Almonds and Filberts ; but 'tis rather to fpare the Cacao, than to render the Chocolate better : and accordingly, this is look'd on as fophiflicatcd Chocolate.
Ifhe Chocolate made in Spain, differs fomewhat from that made in Mexico ; For befides the Drugs us'd in this laft, they add two or three Kinds of Flowers, Pods of Cam- peche, and generally Almonds and Hazle Nuts. The ufual proportion, at Madrid, is to a hundred Kernels of Cacao, to add two Grains of Chile, or Mexican Pepper, or in lieu thereof Indian Pepper ; a handful of Anis; as many Flowers, call'd by the Natives Vinacaxtlides, or little Ears; fix white Rofes in pouder; a little Machufia ; a Pod of Campeche ; two Drachms of Cinnamon ; a dozen Al- monds, and as many Hazle Nuts; with Achiott enough to give it a reddilh Tincture. The Sugar and Vanilla, are mix'd at Difcretion ; as alfo the Muik and Ambergriefe. They frequently work their Pafle with Orange- Water, which they think gives it a greater confidence and firmnefs.
The Paite~is ufually made up into Cakes, fometimes into large Rolls.
Sometimes the Cakes are made up of pure Chocolate, without any Admixture ; thofe who ufe it being to add what Quantity they pleafe of Sugar, Cinnamon, and Va- nilla, when in the Water.
Among us, in England, the Chocolate is chiefly made thus iimple and unmix'd, (tho perhaps not unadulterated) of the Kernel of the Cacao ; excepting that fometimes Sugar, and fometimes Vanilla is added : any other In- gredients are fcarce known among us.
The newefl Chocolate is efteem'd the belt 5 the Drug never keeping well above two Years 5 but ufually degene- rating much before that time.
'Tis kept in brown Paper, difpos'd in a Eos 5 and that in another, in a dry Place.
Vtbe Manner of preparing the Mafs into a Liquor, with the Proportions, are various: Ordinarily, the Chocolate is boil'd in Water, fometimes in Milk ; and fometimes, by good Occonomifls, in Water-Gruel : when boil'd, 'tis mill'd, or agitated with a wooden Machine for the purpofe, and boil'd again, till it be of the proper Confluence for drink- ing; then fugar'd, if the Mafs were pure; mill'd afrefh ; and pour'd off.
Note, the bed Chocolate is that which diffolves entirely in the Water, leaving no Grounds, or Sediment at the bot- tom of the Pot.
There is a Difpute among the Cafuifls, whether or no Chocolate break the Fait ? The Negative is very fliffly af- ferted by Car. Srancaccio, who has wrote exprefsly on the Subject : tho Stahe, an Englifb Phyfician, has endeavour'd to fliew, that there is more nutritious Juice in an Ounce of Cacao, than in a Pound of Beef or Mutton.
The Quantity of Chocolate made in New Spain is fuch, that there are annually us'd twelve Millions of Pounds of Su- gar in the Preparation thereof. The Spaniards etteem it the laft Misfortune that can befall a Man, to be redue'd to want Chocolate ; They are never known to quit it, except- ing for fome-other Liquor that will fuddle.
"CHOIR, that part of a Church, Cathedral, £•?<:. where the Prietts, and Cborijlers, or Singers, are difpos'd. See Church.
The Choir is diflinguifli'dfrom the Chancel, or SanBua- ry, where the Communion is celebrated ; as alfo from the Nave, or Body of the Church, wheie the People aflift.
The Patron is faid to be oblig'd to repair the Choir of a Church ; and the Parifliioners the Nave.
The Choir was not feparated from the Nave, till the Time of ' Confiantinc ; From that Time thcChoir was rail'd in with a Balluftrade, with Curtains drawn over; not to be open'd till after the Confecration.
In the Xlhh Century they began to enclofe the Choir with Walls : But the ancient Balluflrades have been fince reitcr'd ; out of a View to the Beauty of the Architecture. The Chsntor is Mailer of the Choir. See Chantor.
In Nunneries, the Choir is a large Hall, adjoining to the Body of the Church ; feparated by a Grate, where the Religious fins the Office.
The Word, according to Ifidore, is derived a Coro?iis cir- aumfiantmra ; becaufe, antiently, the Chorijiers were dif-
pos'd round the Altar to fing : which is Hill the manner ef building Altars among the Greeks.
CHOLAGOGUE, a Medicine which purges the Bile downward. See Bile, Purgative, t£c.
Of thefe fome are fimple, others compound ; and both the one and the other diflinguifli'd into three Kinds, with regard to their Activity ; the benign, the moderate, and the violent.
Of the firft kind are Manna, Caflla, Rofes,Tamarinds, X£c, .Of the fecond, Sena, Rhubarb, Aloes, £-Y.
Of the third, Jalop, Scammony, ££c. See each under ita Article, Manna, Cassia, Sena, £5?c.
The Word comes from ;>oam, 'Bile, and eryuv, to lead.
CFIOLER. See Bile."
CHOLERA-ilforZ'K.s', a fudden overflowing of the Bile, both upwards and downwards. See Bile.
It is fuppos'd to have its rife from the great Abundance of bilious Humours, which being very acrimonious, vcllicate the Membranes of the Stomach and Inteflines ; and by that means occaflon unufual and violent Contractions.
'Tis very dangerous : Whence the French antiently cal- led it 7'rouffe-Galand.
It has its Name, either from the great Quantity of Cho- ler it evacuates ; or becaufe the Matter is inceffantly ex- pell'd at the Inteflines, which they antiently call'd Chclades.
Dr. Sydenham obferves, it generally attacks about the latter end of Summer ; and proceeds, not unfrequently, from Surfeits : That the Cure depends upon brge Quanti- ties of Chicken-Broth, drank fo as to excite Vomiting plen- tifully; and that the Broth is alfo to be injected Clyfler- wife : after which, he fays, the Cure is to be compleated by Laudanum, given at proper Intervals, and in proper Dofes.
The Remedy in the Indies for the Cholera Morbus, or Mandechin, is to keep the Patient from drinking ; and to burn the Soals of his Feet.
CHOLIDOCHUS, in Anatomy, a Term apply'd to a Canal, or Duct, called alfo Dii&us Communis ; form'd of the Union of the c Porus Silarius, and 2)utlus Cyjiicus. See Duct.
The Cholidocus 'Ductus, palling obliquely to the lower End of the 'Duodenum, ferves to convey the Bile from, the Liver to the Inteflines.
Some have imagin'd, that it convey'd the Bile from the Liver to the Gall-Bladder : but it being obferv'd, that 'tis the SJuodemtm, not the Gall-Bladder, that fwells upon blowing thro' this Duct; 'tis evident the Bile contain'd therein, is convey'd no where elfe but to the "Duodenum. See Bile, Liver, GKVL~Sladder,&ic.
The Word comes from the Greek ^aj), and the Latin 2)uco, I draw, lead, ££>c.
CHONDROGLOSSUM, in Anatomy, a very fmall Pair of Mufcles of the Tongue, mention'd by Verheyen, and fe- veral other Authors, exceedingly fhort and narrow; arifing from the cartilaginous Proceffes of the Os Hyoidcs, and meeting in the Middle of the Balls of the Tongue, where they are inferted, forming an Arch under it.
This Pair of Mufcles is not found in all Subjects ; whence fome have queftion'd its Exiftence : but Nature takes fo many Liberties, in Matters even of greater moment than a Pair of Mufcles ; that we need not on rhat fcore difpute the Veracity of fo many Authors as profefs ro have feen it.
CHOP-CHURCH, or Church-Chopper, a Name, or ra- ther Nickname given to Parfons who make a Practice of ex- changing Benefices.
Chop-Church 5s us'd in an antient Statute as a lawful Trade, or Occupation ; and fome of the Judges fay it was a good Addition. 'Brook holds, that it was no Occupation, but a thing permiffible by Law.
CHOPIN, or CHOPINE, a French liquid Meafure ; containing half their <Pint. See Measure.
The Taris Chopin is nearly equal to the Englijh Pint. A Chopin of common Water weighs a tParis Pound.
CHORD, or CORD, primarily denotes a flender Rope, or Cord.igc. See Cordage.
The Word is form'd of the Latin Chorda, and that from the Greek ^H, a great Gut ^ whereof Strings may be made-
Chorus, or Cords, in Mufick, are the Strings, or Lines, by whole Vibrations the Senfation of Sound is excited ; and by whofe Divifions the feveral Degrees of Tune are determin'd. See Sound, and Tune.
Some fiy, they are called Cords, or Chords, from the Greek x°^h a Name the Phyficiansgive to the Inteflines; in regard, the Strings of Mufical Inflruments are ordinarily made of Guts: Others are made of Brals or Iron Wire; as thofe of Spinets, Harpfichords, £f?c.
Chords of Gold Wire, in Harpfichords, yield a Sound al- moft twice as ftrong as thofe of Brafs : Chords, or Strings of Steel, yield a feebler Sound than thofe of Brafs; as being both lefs heavy, and lefs ductile.
