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Beyond the Nave was the Choir, #g«, fet with Scats, and round : the firft Seat on the right, next the Sanctuary, being for the Chantor, or Choragus. See Chantor, &C.
From the Choir, they afcended by Steps to the SanBua- ry, which was enter'd at three Doors. The Sanctuary had three Jpjides in its length; a great one in the middle ; un- der which was the Altar, crown'd with a Baldaquin, fup- ported by four Columns : See Sanctuary, Baldaquin, ZS-C. Under each of the fmall Apfides, was a kind of a Ta- ble, or Cupboard, in manner of a Buffet. See Apsides,^. Tho, of the Greek Churches now remaining, few have all the Parts above defcrib'd ; molt of 'em having been re- due'd to Ruins, or converted into Mofques.
M. Frezicr, Engineer to the French King, and F. Cor- demoy, a Regular Canon, have difputcd the Form of the an- tient and modern Churches, and the beft manner of build- ing them, with a good deal of learning, in the Journals de Tievoux.
For the Form of the Latin Churches, tho it be various, yet may all the Variety be redue'd to two Heads ; visa. ihofe in form of a Ship, and thofe of a Crofs.
CuvRcu-Tard, a facred Place, deftin'd for the Interment of the Deceas'd. Sec Burial, Funeral, 2?e.
In the primitive Times, the Chriftians held their Meet- ings in Church-yards, as we are inform'd by Eufebhis, Lib. -vii. and T'ertullian, who calls thofe Church-yards where the People us'd to meet to pray, Areas. Eufehius adds, that Valerian having confifcated the Church-yards, and Places deftin'd for the Worfhip of God ; Gallian reftor'd 'em by a pubHck Refcript, rehears'd by the fame Author. From thefe PafTages, it Teems as if Church-yards, and Places of Worfhip, were us'd indifferently for the fame thing.
The Heathen Writers frequently upbraid the primitive Chriftians for their meeting in Church-yards ; as if they ferv'd other Purpofes befides thofe of Religion. The Coun- cil of Elvira prohibits the keeping of Tapers lighted in Church-yards, during the Day-time ; and by another Ca- non, the Women from paffing the Night watching in Church-yards.
The Cuftom of blefling Church-yards is of an old ftand- ing: the Method was, for the Bifhop to go round it with his Crofier, or paftoral Staff, and to fprinkle it with forae confecrated Fluid. Lchinean fays, the Holy Water-Pot was carry 'd before him.
Antiently, all were bury'd in Church-yards ; none in Churches. From the Bodies of Martyrs, g?c. being depo- rted here, the Chriftians chofe particularly to build their Churches in them, when Conjiantine gave them the li- berty : and hence I'lllemont derives that Cuftom which ftill obtains in the Romijb Clmrch, never to confecrate any Al- tar, without depositing in it the Relicks of fome Martyr.
Cboner obferves, that under Church-yard, Ccemetcrium, xaifj.ti'jiie.iov, was antiently comprehended, not only the ftrict Dormitory, or Place where the Dead were difpos'd ; but all the Lands which encompafs'd the Yarith-Churches, and were contiguous to the real Churches. Perhaps it might be added, that all the Church Domains were compriz'd under Church-yard. This will beft account for that Confiscation of the Church-yards, charg'd on Valerian.
Church-Scot, or Churchesset, a Payment, or Con- tribution, by the Latin Writers frequently call'd Primiti<£ feminum ; being, at firft, a Quantity of Corn, paid to the Prieft on St. Martin's Day, as the Firft- Fruits of Harveft. See Primitive, and ViRsr-Fruits.
This was enjoin'd by the Laws of King Malcolm IV. and Canut. c. 10. But after this Church-Scot came to fignify a Referve of Corn-Rent paid to the Secular Priefts, or to the Religious; and fometimes was taken in fo general a Senfe as to include Poultry, or any other Provifion that was paid in kind to the Religious. See Tithes.
CnvRCH-Go-vemment, 1)ifcipline, &c. See Ecclesias- tical Government, &c.
QimRzw-Reves. See OuvRcn-JVardens.
CnvKcii-Wardens, antiently call'd CuvRcu-Reves, are Officers chofen yearly by the Parfon and his Parifliioners, ac- cording to the Cuftom of the Place.
Their Bufinefs is to look to the Church, Church-yard, Church-Revenues, &c. to obferve the Behaviour of the Parifhioncrs with regard to Faults that come under the Ju- rifdiction of the Ecclefiaftical Court ; to prefent fcandalous Livers to the Bifhop; take care none preach without Li- cence, £f?c.
The Church-Wardens are a Jrind of Corporation ; and are enabled by Law to fuc and be fued for any thing belonging to the Church, or the Poor of the PariiTi. See Parish.
CHYLE, or CHYME, in the Animal Oeconomy, a whi- tifh Juice, into which the Food is immediately converted by Digeftion, or, more properly, by that Branch thereof call'd Chylification. See Chylification, Digestion, &c.
The Chyle, Dr. Drake obferves, is nothing but a Mix- ture of the oily and aqueous Parts of the Food, incorpora- ted with the faline ones; which, while they yet remain
mix'd with thegrofler Parts in the Stomach, make a thick whitifh, partly fluid Mafs, called Chyme : which, as foon as it is redue'd to a Conftftence loofe enough to be obedient to the Preflure and periftaltic Motion of the Stomach, is gradually thruft out at the Pylorus into the liuodenum and denominated Chyle..
Thus is the Chyle begun to be form'd in the Stomach • it is perfected in the Inteftincs by the Mixture of the Bile and the pancreatic Juice ; and is thence receiv'd into the Lacteal Veins, which carry it to the Recepacidwn ChylL or tPecquets Refervatory : thence it pafles into the Thora- cic Duel, which terminates in the left Subclavian Vein : In this Vein, the Chyle firft begins to mix with the Blood ; into which it is afterwards converted by the Action called Sanguificatiov . See Blood.
The Anticnts fuppos'd the Chyle was chang'd into Blood in the Liver ; others of 'em in the Heart : but the Mo- derns, with more reafon, take the Change to be effected by the Blood it felf, in all the Parts of the Body, See San- guification.
Some take Chyle to be the immediate Matter of Nutri- tion ; others the Blood. See Nutrition. The Word comes from the Greek xwAos, Juice. Dr. Lifter is of Opinion, that in the Digeftion of Meat in the Stomach, there is made a Separation, or Solution of urinous Salts, no otherwife than in the rotting of Plants, or Animals : that the Chyle is highly impregnated with this urinous Salt ; that it owes its whiteneis to the Fermenta- tion it acquires from that Mixture : That the fait Chyle is convey'd into the venal Blood, and with it enters the Heart; and is thence thrown out Chyle^ as it comes in, by a conti- nual Pulfation, into the Arteries : that as oft as it enters the Emulgent Arteries, it leaves behind parr of its faline Li- quor, or Urine, and confequently abates of its Colour : That when fufficiently freed of its Salts, it becomes a Lymfha ; which feems to be nothing elfebutthe Refidue of 'the Chyle not yet converted into Blood ; as not yet fufficiently depu- rated of its faline Particles. See Lympha.
CHYLIFICATION, the Formation of the Chyle ; or the Act whereby the Food is chang'd into Chyle. See Food, and Chyle.
Chylification is begun by comminuting, or breaking the Aliment in the Mouth, mixing it with Saliva, and chew- ing it with the Teeth. See Mastication.
By fuch means, the Food is redue'd into a kind of Pulp, which falling thro' the Oefophagus into the warm Stomach, mixes with the Juices thereof ; and is thus diluted, begins to ferment, or putrefy, and affumes a very different form from what it had before ; growing either acid or rancid.
Here it mixes with a Juice Separated from the Blood by the Glands of that Part, whofe Excretory Duffs open into the Stomach ; as alfo with the Remains of the former Ali- ment : and thus it becomes better macerated, diluted, dif- folv'd, and acquires ftill a greater likenefs to the Animal Fluids, and is called Chyme. See Concoction.
Add to this, that the fleftiy Membrane of the Stomach continually contracting and prefling its Contents by its peri- ftaltic Motion, occafions a more intimate Mixture, and by degrees works out the more fluid Parts thro* the Pylorus into the Duodenum-^ along the Sides whereof, and the reft of the Inteftina Tenuia, the Lacteals are planted ; into the minute Orifices whereof, the finer Parts of the Mafs is re- ceiv'd. See Peristaltic Motion, Intestines, and Lac- teals.
The Fabrick of the Stomach being confidcr'd, the Heat of the circumambient Parts, the Pulfations of innumerable Arteries, the great Stroaks of the Aorta underneath, the conftant Comprcflion of the Diaphragma and Abdominal Mufcles ; it muft necefTarily follow, that the finer Parts of the Aliment will be firft expell'd the Stomach ; and that the groffer will remain ; till, by the repeated Aftion of the Fluids, and the Contraction and Pulfation of the Solids, they alfo become fine enough to go off: thus is the Sto- mach left empty ; and by means of its mufcular Coat, re- due'd to a State of Contraction, and Appetite renew'd. See Hunger.
Thus will even the flefhy Membranes, Cartilages, &c. of Animals fed on, be fqueez'd, and oblig'd to give out their Juices ; and thus is a Fluid obtain'd, that ftiall have in fome meafure the fame Properties with thofe of our Bodies.
The Juice being got thro' the 'Pylorus into the Inteft'ines, its Liquefaction is ftill promoted by its mixture with two other Diflolvents, the pancreatic Juice and the Bile ; which divide and fubtilize thofe Parts that were left too grofs : and by the periftaltic Motion of the Guts it is protruded forwards. In the Paffage thro' the fmall Inteftines, the finer Part of the Mafs, which we call the Chyle, enters the Orifices of the Lacteal Veins of the firft Kind, wherewith the whole Mefenteryis intermix'd; which either alone, or together with the Mefaraic Veins, difcharge themfelves into the Glands at the Bafis of the Mefentery.
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