C I s
Some derive the Word from Circe, to whom Tertulliau attributes the Invention. Cajfiodorus fays, Circus comes « circuit u.
The Romans, oVrm'ssobferves, at firft, had no other Ciratf but that made by the tfiier, on one fide, and a Pallilade ot naked Swords on the other.
Hence, according ro lfidore, came the Term Lndi Circen- fes, quaji Circum-E/tfes. But Scaliger laughs at the Ety- mology. r
The Games of the Circus, which fome call Circenjian Games, were Combats celebrated in the Circus in honour ot Confus tho God of Councils ; thence alfo call d Conftialia. See Consualia.
They were alfo called Roman Games, Ludt Romam, ei- ther on account of their Antiquity, as being coeval with the Roman People, or becaufe eilablifh'd by the Romans : and the great Games Lndi Magni, becaufe celebrated with more Expence and Magnificence than any others ; and becaufe held in honour of the great God Neptune, who was their Confus. ,
Thofe who fay they were inftituted in honour of the Sun, confound the Pompa Circenfis, or Proceffion of the Circus, with the Games.
The Games of the Circus were inftituted by Evander, and re-cftablifh'd by Romulus : The Proceffion was only a Part of the Games, making tho Prelude thereof; and con- fitting of a fimple Cavalcade of Chariots.
Till the Time of the Elder Tarquin, they were held in an Illand of the -Tiber ; and were called Roman Games ; af- ter that Prince had built the Circus, they took their Name therefrom ; as being conftantly held there.
There were fix Kinds of Exercifes in the Circus : the ift Wreftling, fighting with Swords, with Staves, and with Pikes : the id was Racing : the 3d Saltatio, Dancing : the 4th Difci, Quoits, Arrows, and Ceftus ; all which were all on Foot : the 5th was Horfecourfing : the 6"th Courfes of Chariots, whether with two Horfcs, or with four. See Bigje, and Quaprigje.
In this Ml Excrcife, the Combatants were at firft divided into two guadrib, then into four ; each bearing the Names of the Colo'urs they wore ; Fatlio Alia, RuJJ'ea, &c. See Faction, Quadril, &c.
At firft there was only white and red ; then green was added, and blue. Domitian added two more Colours, but they did not hold.
It was Oenomaus who firft invented this Method of diftin- guifhing the guadrils by Colours. The green was for thofe who reprefentcd.the Earth ; the blue for the Sea, &c. See Colour, tj!c.
CIRRI, in Botany, a Term us'd for thofe fine Strings, or Hairs, by which fome Plants fallen themfelves, for their fup- port ; as Ivy, and the like. See Claspers.
CIRSOCELE, in Medicine, a Dilatation of the Sperma- tic Veins ; occafion'd by a too thick, grumous Blood ; call'd alfo Hernia Varicofa. See Hernia.
The Word comes from the Greek -u^nU, varix, Vein, and RsMi, Hernia. See Varix.
CISALPINE, any thing on this fide the Alps,
The Romans divided Gaul, and the Country now call'd Lombardy, into Cifalpine and Transalpine. See Transal-
P1NA.
That which was Cifalpine with regard to the Romans, is Transalpine with regard to us.
The Word is fcrm'd from the Prepofition Cis, on this fide, and Alpes ; which, tho properly confin'd to the Mountains fe- parating Italy and France, yet is us'd by Authors for any very high Mountains.
Thus Aufonius has the Alps of the Pyreneans, the Alps of the Apennines, &c.
CISSOID, in Geometry, an Algebraic Curve, firft in- vented by 'Diodes ; whence it is peculiarly call'd the Cijfoid of Diodes. See Curve.
The Genefis of the Cijfoid may be thus conceiv'd : To the Diameter A B, (Tab. Analyjis, Fig. 0.) of the Semi- circle A OB, draw an indefinite Line, at right Angles, BC : then, draw the right Line AH, and make AM = IH ; or in the other Quadrant, LC = AN. Thus will the Points M and L be in a Curve Line A M O L ; which is the Cijfoid of Diodes.
'Properties of tJie Cissoid.
From the Gcneiis it follows, ill, That drawing the right Lines P M and K I, perpendicular to AB; we fhall have AP : K B : : A M : 1 H. But A M =1 H ; confequently, A P = AB. And therefore, A K = PB; andPN = IK.
2d, After the fame manner, it appears, that the Ciffoid A MO bifleas the Semicircle A O B.
jd, Again, AK:KI ::KI:KB. That is.AK : PN : : P N : AP. And again, AK:PN::AP:PM; therefore, P N : A P : : A P : P M. Confequently, A K, P N, A P, and PM, are four Lines in continual Proportion. And if PN == v, AP = .v, PM=j>; x~ =^vy. And after the fame man- ner it may be fhewn, that A P, P N, A K, and K L, are in continual Proportion.
( 228 ) C I T
Ath, In the Cijfoid, the Cube of the Abfciffa AP, i s e q Ua i to a Solid, arifing of the Square of the Semiordinate P ftj multiply'd into the Complement of the Diameter of the p c ! nerating Circle P B.
Hence, when the Point P falls on B, then x=a, and BC
~y, confequently, y*=~ • Wherefore, o : 1 : :B ' .„>_
that is, the Value of y becomes infinite : and therefore the Cijfoid A M O L, tho it continually approach B C yet they will never meet.
5th, BC, therefore, is an AJfymp'.ote of the Cijfoid. See Assymptote.
The Antients made ufe both of the Conchoid and Cijfoid ■ for the finding of two mean continual Proportionals between two given right Lines. See Proportional.
For the Quadrature, Subnormal, and Subtangent of the Cissoid; feeQuAPRATURE,SuBNoRMAL,andSuBTANCENT.
CISTERCIANS, an Order of Religious, call'd by the French Ciftcanx ; confifting of an hundred Monafteries, and near as many Nunneries. See Order, Monr, Religi- ous, &c.
The Order took its rife in 1075, from twenty one zealous Monks in the Monaftery of Molefme in Burgundy ; who, with their Abbot Robert, complaining that the Rule of S. BenediS was not ftriftly enough obferv'd ; obtain'dPcrmiffion of Hugh, Archbifhop of Lyons and Legate of the Holy See, to fettle in a Place call'd Cifleaux, five Miles from Dijon.
Here Elides Duke of Burgundy erected 'em a Building, into which they were admitted in 1008 ; endowing it with a confidcrable Revenue. The Bifhop of Chalons gave Robert the Paftoral Staff, in quality of Abbot ; and erected the ne» Monaftery into an Abbey. See Abbot.
Such was the beginning of the Ciftercians, fo famous in After-times, and now fo exrended rhroughout all Europe.
CISTERN, or CESTERN, is properly us'd for a fubter- raneous Refervoir of Rain-water. See Well.
Cijierns muft be made with good Cement, to retain the Water. See Cement.
The Bottom fhould be cover'd with Sand, to fwecten and preferve it. See Water.
Authors mention a Ciftern at Conjlanti nople , the Vaults whereof are fupported by two rows of Pillars, 212 in each Row ; each Pillar being two Foot in Diameter. They are planted circularly, and in Radii tending to that in the Centre.
The Word, according to fome, comes from Cis, and ter- rain, i. e. inter terram ; others derive it from Cijla, an 0- fier Bafkct, a Duel, &c.
CISTIC. y rCvsTic.
CIST-Hcpatici- SceiCvsT-Hefxitic.
CISTUS. 3 <Xystus.
CITADEL, or CITTADEL, a Fort, or Place fortify'd with four, five, or fix Baftions ; built fometimes in the moil eminent Part of a City, and fometimes only near the City.
In the firft Cafe, the Citadel ferves to defend the City againft Enemies. See Fort, Fortiey'd Place, &c.
In the latter it ferves to command it, and to keep the In- habitants in their Obedience : for which purpofe the City is left unfortify'd on the Part toward the Citadel, but the Cita- del fortify'd toward the City.
The moft ufual Form for Citadels, is that of a Pentagon : a Square being too weak, and a Hexagon too big. See
FORTIFICATON, PeNT AGON, CJ?C.
There is always a large Efplanade between the City and Citadel. See Esplanade.
The Word is a Diminutive of the Italian Citta, City, a J. little City.
CITATION, an Affignation, or fummoning of a Perfon before an Ecclefiaftical Judge, on fome Affair relating to the Church.
In rhe Civil, and Ordinary Courts, it is call'd Summoning. See Summons.
The Word Citation is alfo us'd in fpeaking of Military and Monaftick, as well as Ecclefiaftical Courts. Such a He- retick was cited to Rome ; to a General Council, &c.
Knights are cited to the General Chapters of their Order.
K. Edward I. of England, was cited, by Order o( 'Phi- lip IV. of France, to a Court of his Peers. The Citation was publifh'd by the Seigneur d'Arrablay, Senefchal of Pe- rigord and Qiierci ; and was pafted up, by his Order, on the Gates of the City Lilourne, which then belong'd to K. Henry. For Default in not appearing, all his Domains, and Effects in France were confiscated. F. Daniel.
Citation is alfo an Allegation, or Quotation of fome Law, Authority, ot Paffage. See Quotation.
The Word comes from cito, of cieo, I ftir up.
CITRON, an agreeable Fruir, in Colour, Tafte, Smell, igc. refembiing a Lemon ; and ferving, like that, to cool, and quench the Thirfi : being produe'd by a Tree of the fame Name, much refembiing the Lemon Tree. See Lemon.
The Citron is diftinguifh'd from the Lemon, in that it is
bigger, and its Pulp firmer ; irs Smell brifker, and Colour
higher. It is held excellent againft Poifons : and Aibemeus
3 relates
