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To this may be added, that fome of the Pouders ufed by Painters, have their Colour changed by being very finely ground ; which muft be occafion'd by the Comminution or Break- ins of their (mall Parts into others flill fmaller ; juft as a lamella has its Colour altet'd, by altering its Thicknefs.
In fine, thofe odd Pha:nomena arifing from the Mixture of Liquors of different Colours, can no way be better accounted for than from the various Actions of the faline, (3c. Cor- pufcles of one Liquor, with the colour' A Corpufcies of ano- ther : if they unite , the Mafs will either fwell or fhrink, and thereby its Denfity will be alter 'd; if they ferment, the Size of the Particles may be dimini/li'd, and thereby coloured Li- quors may become tranfparent : If they coagulate, an opake Liquor may be produc'd of two tranfparent ones.
Hence, 'tis eafy to fee why a colour 'd Liquid, in a Glafs f a conical Figure, placed between the Eye and the Light, appears of a different Colour in different Parts of the Vef- fel ; there being more and more Rays intercepted, as they pafs thro' a longer or a fhorter Section of the Veffel : till, at the Bafe, they are all intercepted ; and none feen but thofe reflefted.
From the various Colours of Natural Bodies, Sir I. Ixevo- ton obferves, the Bignefs of their component Parts may be eltimated : For that the Parts of Bodies do ptoperly exhibit the fame Colour with a Lamella of equal thicknefs, provided the Denfity in both be the fame: See Body, Particle, (3c. For the difiinS 'Properties, &c. of the feveral Colours. See Black, White, Blue, (3c. fee alfo Rainbow, iifc.
Colour, in Painting, is applied both to the Drugs, and to the Teints produced by thofe Drugs, varioufly mix'd and applied.
The principal Colours ufed by Painters, are red, and -white lead or CernJJe ; yellow and red Oeres ; feveral Kinds of Earth, as Umber ; Orpiment, black Lead, Cinnabar or Ver- million, Gambouche, Lacca, blue and green Afhes, Indigo, Verdegreafe, burnt Ivory, Siflre, Lampblack, Smalt, Ul- tramarine, and Carmine ; each of -which, -with the manner of freparing them, their Ufes, &c. fee under their relpec- tive Heads, Lead, Cerusse, Ocre, (3c.
Of thefe Colours, fome are ufed ground in Oil, others only in Frefco, others in Water, and others for Mignature, See Fresco, and Mignature ; fee alfo Paintinc, Colour- ing, (3c. - ^
Dark, and Light Colours. Under thefe two Claffes, the Painters reduce all the Colours they ufe : Under Light Colours ate comprehended -white, and all rhofe which ap- proach neareff it ; and under Dark Colours, black, and all thofe which are obfeure and earthy, as Umber, Siflre, &c.
Simple, and Mineral Colours, is another Divifion among the Painters : Under fimplc Colours, they range all thofe us'd by Limners, Illumincts, (3c. extracted from Vegetables ; and which will not bear the Fire : as the yellow made of Saffron, of French Berries, (3c. Lacca, and other Tinctures extracted from Flowers. The reft are Mineral, drawn from Metals, (3c. and able to bear rhe Fire : rhefe alone are us'd in Enamelling. See Enamelling.
Changing and Permanent Colours ; another Divifion of Colours : By changeable, are meant thofe which depend on the Situation of Objects with regard to the Eye; as that of Taffetas, of a Pidgcon's Neck, (3c. The laft, however, be- ing attentively view'd with a Microfcope, each Fibre of the Feathers appears compos'd of feveral little Squares, alter- nately red and green ; fo that they are fix'd Colours.
Kirchcr fays, that the changing Colours obferv'd in the Win"s of Pidgeons, Peacocks, (3c. arife from the Feathers being tranfparent, and of a Figure refembling a Prifm ; and confequcntly the Light's being differently refracted from 'em. On the contrary, the fix'd and permanent Colours, are not ex- hibited by Refraction but Reflection.
M. Mariotte obferves, that there are two different Grada- tions, or Scries of Colours, from white, to black ; the one white, yellow, red, and black ; rhe other white, blue, violet, and black. See Painting.
Colour, in Dying. There are five fimple, primary, or Mother-Co/oars, "fed by the Dyers ; from the Mixture whereof all the other Colours arc form'd : Thefe are blue, red yellow, brown, and black ; each of which fee under their proper Head, Blue, Red, (3c.
Of thefe Colours, varioufly mix'd and combin'd, they form the following Colours ; panfy, blue, and red : from the Mixture of blue and fcarler, are form'd amaranth, violet, and panfy : From the fame Mixtute of blue and crimfon- rcd, are form'd the colombine or dove-colour, purple, crimfon, amaranth, fanjy, and crmifin-violet.
It may be obferv'd, that they give the Name Crimfon, to all Colours made with Cochineal. See Crimson, Cochi- neal, (3c.
Of blue and red Madder, they likewife make purple, pep- per-colour, tan-colour, and dry rofe : The fame blue, with red half in grain, makes amaranth, tan- colour, and dry rofe. Blue, and half red crimfon, compofe amaranth, tan-colour, dry rofe, ibro-wn panfy, and fur-brun.
Slue and Tello-w. Thefe two Colours, mix'd together, compofe a yellow-green, fpring-green, grafs-green, laurel- green, brown-green, dark-green ; as well as lea-green, par- rot-green, and cabbage-green, (3c. Thefe three laft Colours are to be lefs boil'd than the firft.
Note, with regard to green, there's no Ingredient or Drug in Nature that will dye it; but the Stuffs are dy'd twice, firft in blue, then yellow.
Slue and Srotson. Thefe two Colours are never mix'd alone; but with the addition of red, either of Madder or Cochineal, they form feveral Colours.
Red and Tcllo-w. All the Shades compos'd of thefe two Colours, as gold-yellow, aurora, marigold, orange, nacarat, granar-flower, Rame-colour, &c. are made with yellow, and red of Madder ; fcarlet being lefs proper, as well as too dear. Red and Sro-wu. Of thefe two Colours are form'd cinna- wm-colour, chefnut, mufk, bears-hair, and even purple ; if the red be that of Madder.
Tello-w and Sro-wn. The Colours form'd from thefe two are all the Shades of Feuille-morts, and Hair-Colours.
Itmay be obferv'd, that thowe fay, there arenoColmrs, or Shades, made from fuch and fuch Mixtures : 'tis not that none can be made ; but only that they are more eafily form'd from the Mixture of other Colours. See Dying.
For the Method of proving the Goodnefs, or Falfenefs of Colours, or Dyes ; fee Dye.
Colour, in Heraldry. The Colours generally ufed in He- raldry, are red, blue, black, green, and purple ; which, by the Learned in that Science are called Gules, Azure, Sable, Vert or Simple, and Purpure. Tenne, or tawny, and Son- guin, are not fo common. See each Colour under its proper Article Gules, Azure, Vert, (3c.
As to yellow and white, call'd Or and Argent ; they are Metals, not Colours. See Or, and Argent.
Thefe Colours and Metals are fometimes alfo exprefs'd in blazon by the Names of precious Stones ; and fometimes by thofe of Planets, or Stars. Thus, Or is call'd Sol, and '-Topaz ; Argent, Luna, and Pearl; Gules, Mars, and Ruby ; Azute, yupiter, and Saphir ; Sable, Saturn, and Diamond ; Vert, Venus, and Emerald ; Purpure, Mercury, and Amcthift -, Tenne, rhe Dragons-Head, and Hyacinth ; and Sanguin t the Dragon 's-Tail, and Sardonix. See Sable, Sol, Ar- gent, (3c.
It is a general and fundamental Rule in Blazon, not to place Colour upon Colour, not Metal upon Metal. That is, if the Field be of a Colour, the Bearing muft be of a Metal ; tho this Rule, on fome Occafions, and in fome Circumftances, is difpens'd withal ; as in the Diminutions and Differences which diffinguifh the younger from the elder Families ; and in the Extremities of Animals Tongues, Claws, Horns, (3c. In which Cafes, Colour may be on Colour, and Metal on Metal, without falfe Heraldry.
Onomaus is faid to have firft invented the'Diftinition of Co- lours, to diftinguifli the ^uadrill£ of Combatants at the Circenfian Games : the green for thofe who reprefented the Earth ; and the blue for thofe who reprefented the Sea. See Faction.
Hence, the antient Cavaliers took occafion to diftinguifli themfeives in their Tournaments, by Habits, Plumes, and Ribbands of different Colours ; which were ordinarily thofe of their Miftreffes, and were the Symbol of lome PafTion, or Quality.
Hence alfo the Origin of Colours in Liveries. See Livery. Colours, in the Militaty Art, include the Banners, Flags, Enfigns, (3c. of all Kinds, bore in an Army, a Fleet, or the like. See Banner, Flag, Standard, (3c.
Colours, are alfo ufed both in the Latin and Greek. Churches, to diftinguifh feveral Myfteries and Feafts cele- brated therein.
In theLatitz Church are only regularly admitted five Colours, viz. -white, red, green, violet, and black ; the -white for the Myftcriesof our Saviour, the Feafts of the Virgin, thofe of the Angels, Saints, and Confeffors ; the red for the Myfteries and Solemnities of the Holy Sacrament, the Feafts of the Apoftles and Martyrs ; green for the Time between Pentecolt and Advent, and from Epiphany to Septuagefima ; violet in Advent, Chriftmas, in Vigils, Rogations, and in votive Maf- fes in time of War : Laftly, black for the Dead, and the Ce- remonies thereto belonging. Clothes of Gold and Silver, and Embroideries, ferv'd indifferently for all Solemnities.
In the Greek Church, .the ufe of Colours is almoft oblite- rated, as well as among us : Red, among them, was the Co- lour for Chriftmas and the Dead; as black is ftill in the laft among us. See Mourning.
Colour, in Law, is a probable, or plaufible Plea ; tho in reality falfe at bottom ; and only calculated to draw rhe Trial of the Caufe from the Juty to the Judge.
Thus, v. g. in an Action of Trefpafs for taking away the Plaintiff's Beafts, the Defendant urges, That before the Plaintiff had any thing in them, he himfelf was poffefs'd of 'em, as his proper Goods ; and deliver'd them to A. S. to deliver to him again, when (3c. and A. S. gave them to the v yy Plain-
