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'Tis certain the Patriarchs had a great Number of Wives, and that thefe did not all hold the lame Rank ; Tome being fubalrern to the principal Wife ; which were what we call Concubines, or Half Wives. The Romans prohibited a plu- rality of Concubines, and only had regard to the Children iffuing from a fingle Concubine, becaufe (he might become a legitimate Wife. Solomon had 700 Wives and 500 Concu- bines : The Emperor of China has fometimes two or three thoufand Concubines in his Palace. QCllrtiusobkrves, that Zlirius was follow'd in his Army by ;o"5 Concubines, all in the Equipage of Queens.
CONCUPISCENCE, among Divines, an irregular Defire, Appetite, or Lull after divers Things, inherent in human Nature ever fince the Fall.
F. Malebranch defines Concupifcence, on his Syftem, to be a natural Effort, which the Traces or Impreffions of the Brain make on the Mind, to attach it to fenfible Things. The Dominion or Prevalency of Concupifcence, according to him, is what we call Original Sin. See Original Sin.
The Origin of Concupifcence he afcribes to thofe Impref- fions made on the Erain of our firll Parents at their fall ; which are Still tranfmittcd and continued on thofe of their Children : For as Animals produce their like, and with like Traces in the Brain ; (whence the fame Sympathies and An- tipathies in the fame Kind ; and whence the fame Conduct on the fame Occafions :) So our firft Parents, after their fall, receiv'd fuch deep Traces in the Brain, by the Impreffion of fenfible Objects, that they might well be fuppofed to com- municate them to their Children.
The Schoolmen ufe the Term Concupifcible appetite, for the Defire we have of enjoying any Good 5 in opposition to the Irafcible Appetite, whereby we efchew what is Evil. See Appetite.
CONDEMNATION, the Act of paffing or pronouncing Sentence, or giving Judgment againSt a Man ; whereby he is fuhjected to fome Penalty or Punifhment 5 either in refpect of Fortune, Reputation, or Life. See Sentence, and Pu- nishment.
CONDENSATION, the Act whereby a Body is rendcr'd more denfe, compacr, and heavy. See Density, &c.
Condenfation confitts in bringing the Parts clofer to each other, and increasing their Contact : in oppofition to Rare- faction ; which renders the Body lighter and loofer, by fet- ting the Parts further afunder, and diminishing their Contact, and of confequence their Cohefion. See Rarefaction.
Wolfius, and fome of the more accurate Writers, reftrain the ufe of the Word Condenfation to the Action of Cold : what is done by external Application, they call CoraprcJJion. See Compression.
Air eafily condenfes, either by Cold, or by Art : Water congeals, but never condenfes ; can never be brought into a lefs (pace, but will penetrate the molt folid Body, even Gold, rather than lofe of its bulk. See Water.
A Syrup condenfes in Ebullition.
It was found, in the Obfervatory of France, during the great Cold of the Year 1670, that the hardeft Bodies, even Metals, Glafs, and Marble it felf, were fenfibly condens^dhy the Cold, and became much harfher and more brittle than before ; till their former State was rettiev'd by the enfuing Thaw, See Frost.
Water alone feems to expand by Cold ; inafmuch as when congeal'd, the Ice takes up more fpace than the Water be- fore. But this mult be rather owing to the Intromiffion of fome foreign Matter ; as the nitrous Particles of the ambient Air, than to proper Rarefaction of the Water by the Cold. See Cold, and Freezing.
The Carte/tans, indeed, taking it for granted there is no Vacuum, deny any fuch thing as proper Condenfation, or Rarefaction. According to them, when a Body takes up more fpace than it did before, its Parts are distended by the Intrufion of a fubtil Matter thro' its Pores : And when its bulk, again, is reduced into lefs Space, this is owing to the Extrufion or Egrefs of that Matter thro 1 the fame Pores 5 by virtue whereof, the Parts of the Body, tho not the Parts of Matter, come nearer each other. For as Extenfion and Matter, according to them, are the fame thing 5 a Body can never take up more or lefs place, any otherwife than by the Acceffion or Diminution of Matter: And thus they con- clude there is no Vacuum.
Now, that, in the Rarefactions of grofs Bodies, their Parts are diflended by the acceffion of Air, is frequently manifest ; but this does not follow from the Plenitude of the World, but from the fluid and elaftick Nature of Air ; or from its Gravity and Preffure. See Matter, Vacuum, $$c.
That thcte is fuch a thing as Condenfation, without the Lofs of any Matter, is evident from Galiletls's Experiment : A Cock, being with a female Screw fitted to a hollow brafs Ball, or Cylinder, lb as a Syringe, by means of a male Screw, may be applied to it ; by working the Syringe, the Air will be fore'd into the Ball, and turning the Cock, will be re- tain'd ; infomuch, that upon the examining theVeficl by the Balance, its weight will be found increas'd. If the Cock be
re-turn'd, the Air will burit out with violence, and the B' II fink to its former weight.
From the Experiment it follows, firft, that Air may b • crouded into a lefs Volume and Bulk than it ordinarily tak f up, and is therefore comprcffible. For the ghictmhl of it, Comprefjion, fee Compression. i
2dly, That from the Recovery of its weight, juft So much AirisexpelPdas was injected ; and that, therefore, com prels'l Air returns to its primitive Expanfion, if the com presfine Force be removed ; and has therefore an elaftick Force $,-. Elasticity.
jdly, That 'tis a certain Sign of Compression, if, uprjI1 opening the Orifice of a Vefiel, any portion of Air 'be ob- ferv'd to fly out.
4thly, That fince the Weight of the Veffel is increas'd by injecting Air ; the aerial Mais mud have a Nifus downwards in Lines perpendicular to the Horizon ; and is therefore hca! vy, and preSTes fubjecr Bodies in Lines perpendicular to the Horizon ; according to the Conditions of Gravity. SeeGnA- vity.
Condensed Air, has Effects juft oppofite to thofe of rare- fy'd Air; Birds, &c. appear brider and more lively there™ than in the common Air, &c. See Vacuum, Rarefac- tion, &c.
CONDENSER, a pneumatick Engine, whereby an unu- fual quantity of Air may be crouded inro a given Space.
They can throw in 3, 4, 5, or 10 Atmofpherec into the Condenfer, i. e. twice, thrice, four, &c. times as much Air as there is in the fame compafs without the Engine. See Condensation.
CONDERS, or Hucrs, in our Cufloms, are Perfons who ftand on high Places near the Sea Coaft, in time of Hetring- fifhing, to make Signs with Boughs, ($c. to tho Filhers which way the Shoal of Herrings pafles : their Courl'e being more difcernable to thofe who ftand on high Cliffs, by means of a blue Colour they caufe in the Water, than to thofe aboard the Veffels. See .Hfm'»g-FiSHERY.
They are alfo called Salkers, DireBors, &c.
CONDITION, in the Civil Law, an Article of a Treaty, or Contract ; or a Claufe, Charge, or Obligation, ftipulated in a Contract; or added in a Donation, Legacy, Tcila- ment, &c.
The Donee does not lofe his Donative, if it be chatg'd with any difhoneft or impoffible Conditions. The DoSors distinguish three Kinds of "Conditions, under which a Le- gacy or Donation may be made: the Caflial, which depends merely on chance ; the Toteftative, which is abfolutely in our Power ; and the Mixt Condition, which is both Cafual and Poteftative together.
Condition, in Common Law, is a Manner, Quality, or Restriction, annex'd to an Act ; qualifying or fufpending the fame; and making it precarious and uncertain, whether 01 no it lliall it take effect.
In a Leafe there may be two forts of Conditions, Condition collateral, and Condition annex'd to the Rent.
Collateral Condition is that annex'd to a collateral or fo- reign Act ; as, v.g. that the Leflee fhall not go to 'Paris.
Condition is alfo divided into Condition in Heed, and Con- dition implied.
Condition in Deed, is that knit and annex'd by exptefs Words to the FeoSFemcnt, Leafe, or Granr, either in writing or without : As if I infeofte a Man in Lands, referving a Rent to be paid at fuch a Feaft ; upon Condition, if the Fe. oftee fail of payment, it fhall be lawful for me to re-enter.
Condition implied, call'd alfo Condition in Law, is when a Man grants to another the Office of a Steward, Bailiff, Keeper of a Park, &c. for Life : tho there be no Condition exprefs'd in the Grant, yet the Law makes one covertly ; which is, if the Grantee do not juftly execute all Things be- longing to his Office, it iliall be lawful for the Granter to difcharge him.
A Condition without which, fine qua non, is ufed in Philofophy, in (peaking of fome Accident or Circumstance, which is not eflential to the Thing, but is yet neceflary to its Production.
Thus, Light is a Condition without which a Man can't fee Objects, tho he have good Eyes ; and thus Fire, tho confi- der'd in it felf it may burn without Wood ; yet is its Pre- fence a Condition without which the Wood can't be burnt.
CONDITIONAL, fomething not abfolute, but fubjefl to Charges and Conditions. See Condition.
Thus, we fay, Conditional Legacies are not due till the Conditions are accompliSVd. The Right of Conquelt does not fuppofe any conditional ConSent on the Parr of rhe People.
The Arminian Divines maintain, that all the Decrees of God, relating to the Salvation and Damnation of Man arc conditional ; and the Calvimfts, that they are abfolute. Scs Decree.
In Logick, we fay, Conditional Proportions admit all kinds of Contradictions, v.g. If my 'franfalfin Mule flew; my franfalpin Mule had Wings.
