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Books. They were chofe out of the Nobility, or Patri- cii ; and held their Office for Life. They were exempted ftom ferving' i* War, and from the Offices impofed on the Other Citizens : Without them the Oracles of the Sybils could not be confulted.
The Commiffion held till the Tear of Rome 388; when, at the Requcft of C. Licinkis, and L. Sexius, Tribunes of the People, they were chang'd into Decemviri ; that is, in lieu of two Perfons, the Trufi was committed to ten; half Pa- tricians, half Plebeians. See Decemviri.
Sylltt added five to their Number, upon which they be- came denominated ^liindecemvirs. Their Body was after- wards much increafed, and at length amounted to fixty ; yet ftill retain' d the Denomination of Qiiindecemviru See
QuINDECEMVIR.
TThey were entirely abolifh'd under the Emperor Theodo- fnis, along with the reft of the Heathen Supcrititions. See Syeils.
The Capital Duumvirs, Duumviri Perduellionis, were not ordinary Magistrates ; but created on certain Occuren- ces. The firft Duumvirs of this Kind were thofe appointed to judge the furviving Horatius, for killing his Sifter, after vanquifhing the Curiatii. The Word is compofed of duo, two, and Vir, Man. There were alfo Duumvirs in the Roman Colonies 5 who held the fame Rank and Authority in their refpective Colo- nies, that the Confuls held at Rome. They were chofe out of the Body oiDecuriones, and wore the Pretext a, or Robe border d with Purple.
There were alfo Municipal Duumvirs, whom Vigenere compares to our Sheriffs, or rather Mayors of Towns.
DUUMVIRATE, Duumviraius, the Magiftrature, Office, or Dignity of the Duumvirs. See Duumvir.
The duumvirate lafted till the Year of Rome 388 ; when it was chang'd into a Decemvirate. See Decemvirate. DWAL, in Heraldry, the Herb Nigbt-fiade ; ufed by fach as blazon with Flowers and Herbs, inftead ot Colours and Metals, for Sable, or Black. See Sable, &g. DWARF. See Gyant, Pigmy, and Stature. DwARF-TVeej, are Fruit-Trees, thus call 'd from the Low- nefs of their Stature ; frequently planted in the Borders of Gardens. See FRUiT-Tree.
They feklom grow above 4 or 5 Foot high ; and have ufually a Hoop tied within the Middle of the Branches, to make 'em fpreiid a-round.
Dwarf-Trees are of efpecial Advantage for Table-Fruit, whether Pears, Apples, Plums, or Cherries ; The Fruit they yield is ufually of the fineft, and belt ; and as fuch they make a considerable Article in the Gardeners Province. There are divers Ways of Producing Dwarfs. Dw^rf 'Pears are ufually produced by Inoculating on Quince-Stocks, which grow the Dwarf's Height.
As for Dwarf-Apples, the Stocks they chufe to graft on are thofe raifed of the Cuttings of the Apple.
In order to provide Stocks of each Kind, they chufe fuch Stems, and Branches, as grow ftraighteft ; in the Month of Otlober 5 from Trees whofe Cuttings will grow, or which in the Places they are to be grafted in are at leaft an Inch thick : Cut 'em off an Hand's Breadth below the Knots, or Burs, which are the Places where they ufually put forth their Roots; and cut off the Top, that they may not be above a Sard long. If they cannot be got fo long of Quinces, Ihorter muft do.°Cut off all Side-Branches clofe to the Body, except one fmall Twig near the Top for the Sap to vent it felf at. Set them in Beds, as Seed-plants are : and keep 'em a Foot above Ground.
It being fomewhat difficult, to get enough of fuch Branches as have Burs and Knots on 'em ; a particular Method has been invented to bring thofe Knots, and Burs, artificially, call'd Circumpofltion. It is perform'd by tying fome Earth in a Piece of old Hat, a Foot long, about the Place where you intend to cut, in the Month of February ; and in Otlo- ber it will have fhot Roots therein.
Such Trees alone, as are apt to put forth Roots, are pro- per for Dwarf Stocks ; as the .Kentifh Codlin, Gcnntt Moil, fome Sorts of fweet Apple, Bitter Sweets, Quince-tree, Mul- berry-tree, and the Paradife Apple Tree.
Stocks for Dwarf Apple-lrees are likewife rais'd by cut- ting down an old Tree, which is apt to call forth good Suckers from the old Roots ; which at two Tears Age may be tranfplantcd, or elfe inoculated where they ftand.
As for Dwarf 'Pear-frees, Stocks may be rais'd for them
from the Suckers of old Pear-trees. Elfe, cut off the Top of
fome old ill Pear-tree, and the Roots will call forth Suckers.
'Box Dwarf Cherries and 'Plums, Suckers of the common
red Cherry, and ordinary Plum-tree, are the beft.
As to the Grafting, or Inoculating of Dwarf-Stocks, it muft be done as low as may be, with two Cyons, and thofe longer than in Grafting for long Standards; that they may fpread from the Ground. See Engrafting.
As to the Wanting of Dwarf-Trees, 'tis beft in a ii<rht hot Earth, from the Middle of Otlober, to the End of "No- vember. In cold, wet Soil, 'tis beft in March and April. TheStem of the Tree to be cutoff feven or eight Inches above the Graft ; and remember to cut off half the Length of the Roots, and hairy Fibres ; To turn the Cut of the three towards the North ; to let the Graft always be two or three Inches above rhe Ground, left it take Root ; To plant 'em (hallow, as being apt of themfelves, in light Ground, to fink a Foot deep, which is fufficient ; and to cover the Ground, when they are planted, with Horfe-Litter.
DYE, in Architecture, is the Middle of the Pedeftal ; or that Patt which lies between the Bafe and the Cornice : be- ing fo nam'd, becaufe it is frequently made in the Form of a Cube, or Dye. It is alfo call'd Dado, by the Italians; and by Vitruvms, Truncus. See Pedestal.
Dye, is alfo us'd for a Cube of Stone, placed under the Feet of a Statue, and over its Pedeftal ; to raife it, and (hew it the more.
DYNASTY, a Term in Hiftory, fignifying a Race, or Succeffion of Kings of the fame Line, or Family. See Race. We find frequent Mention in ancient Hiftory of Dynafiies of Perfians, Affyrians, Modes, &c.
Manet ho has left an Hiftorical Chronology of Egypt, di- vided into 30 Dynafiies.
The Word is form'd from the Greek S-vv&siU, of dV*&»V to be powerful, to be King.
DYPTYCHA, or rather D1PTYCHA, in Antiquity, a pub- licRegifter, wherein were wrote theNames of theConfuls, and other Magiftrates, among the Heathens ; and of Bi (hops, and defunft, as well as furviving Brethren among the Chriilians.
Juftinian, offended at Pope Vigil, for refuting tofubfenbe the Condemnation of the three Chapters, gave Orders for his Name to be erafed out of the Diptychs. Du 'Pin. The Emperor commanded the Name of the new Patriarch to be enter'd in the Diptycha Sacra.
'Tis certain, there were prophane Diptycha's in the Greek Empire, as well as facred Ones in ins Greek Church. The former wer rhe Matricula, or Regiiler, wherein the Names of the Magiirratcs were enter'd : In wmch Seiife Diptycha is a Term in the Greek Chancery.
Sacred DIPTYCHA. The Word is plural ; Diptycha be- ing a doubfe Catalogue, in one whereof was wrote the Names of the Living, and in the other thofe of the Dead, which were to be rehears'd during the Office. We meet with fome- thing not unlike the Sacred Diptychs of the Greeks, in the Canon of the Mafs, according to the Latin Ufage ; where the People are enjoyn'd to pray once for the Living, and once for the Dead ; feveral Saints are invoked in different Times, c5c.
Gentian Hervet explains the Word Diptychs, Mvrrvx*, by Attar-Cloths : Meurfius, by that of Libelli Fcctefiajtici, Church-Books ; But neither of thofe Authors, tho' in other refpeefs of great Abilities, and well verfed in the Greek An- tiquity, has given the genuine Signification of the Word. The Diptycha were neither Altar-Cloths, nor Church-Books, but a Sort of Tables, or Tablets, alike in Figure to the two Tables of Stone given to Mqfes ; On one of thefe Tables was wrote the Names of the Deceas'd, and on the other thofe of the Living, for whom Prayers were to be offer'd ; which ' the Deacon read over, while rhe Mafs was celebrated.
In thefe Diptycha were enter'd the Names ofBilhops, who had gov^rn'd their Flocks a-right; and wete never cxpung'd out ot the fame, unlefs they wete convicted ofHerefy, or fome other grofs Crime. In the Diptycha were likewife ent.t'd the Names ot fuch as had done any fignal Service to the Church, whether they wete living, or dead, and mention was made of 'em in the Celebration of the Liturgy.
The Jefuite Rofweyd affirms, that few Names were enter'd in the Sacred Diptychs, but thofe of Bifhojs and Patriarchs ■ and doubts very much, whether the Sacred Delta, mention'd by the pretended St. Diony fms, Ecclef. Hierarcb. C. II. where- in were enter'd the Names of the new baptized, with their God-fathers and God-mothers, were the fame with the Dip- tycha, He allows, however, that the Names of the Empe- rors, and other great Perons, ditlinguifh'd by their Faith, and thcit Metits, or Benefactions, were us'd to be enter'd.
Meurfius, in his Gloffarium Gr^co-Sarbarum, imagines 'em to have wrote the Term Diptycha, by reafon there were two Books, in one of which were wrote the Living, and in the other the Dead. But Fa. Rofweyd fhews, he is miftaken : For in effect, thete was but one, the Living being enter'd on one Side thereof, and the Dead on the other. And if the Living, and Dead, were each wrote in a feveral Book, each of 'em was call'd Diptycha, and not both together.
Cafaubon, in his Obfervations on Atheneus, L. VI. C. 14. fuppofes the Chriftians to have borrowed the Cuitom of writing Names in a Book, and rehearfing 'em at Mafs, from the Heathens, who enter'd the Names ot Perfons they would do any fignal Honuur to, in the Vetfes of the Salii i as was done to Germtinicus, and Vents, Sons of the Emperor Mar- Bb* r „„
