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Thus Kepler, on the 2d of March, in the Tear _, found the Moon's apparent Diameter 31 Minutes, prefently after 32' 2", then 50' 3" ; and the preceding Day it had been 33- And again, on the 22 d of February, 1551, he obferved the Moon's Diameter twice 31', fix Times 32, feven Times 33, and fix Times 34'. See Diameter.
They add, that when the Sun and Moon are in the Southern Signs, and confequently lower, being then feen thro' a longer Column of denfe Air, they mud appear bigger : Confequently, in the Winter Time, when the Sun is in Capricorn, being feen thro' a greater Quantity of Air, he muft appear larger than in Summer, when, being nearer our Zenith, the Quantity of Air he is feen thro' is lelfer. And the like may be faid of the Moon. See Sun, &c.
But others take the Eccentricities of the Sun and Moon to be fufficiently proved, both from Eclipfes ; from the Moons greater and lefs Parallax, at the fame Diftance from the Zenith ; and from the Sun's being obferved to continue longer in the Northern Hemifphere, than in the Southern, viz,. i8« or 187 Days in the firft, and only 178 or 179 Days in the latter. See Distance, Hemisphere, Earth, &c.
Eccentricity, in the new Aftronomy, is the Diftance of the Centre of the Orbit of a Planet, as C, from the Sun S, i. e. the Diftance between the Centre of the Ellipfis and the Pocus thereof: called alfo Jimple, or Jingle Eccentricity.
Double Eccentricity, is the Diftance between the two Foci in the Eliipfis ; which is equal to twice the fingle Eccentricity. See Focus, Ellipsis, SSc.
To find the Eccentricity of a Planet, e. gr. the Earth : Since the Sun's grcatcft apparent Diameter is to his leaft, as 32' 43" to 31' 38", or as 1553" to 1858"; the Sun's greateft Diftance from the Earth will be to his leaft, as 1563 to 1898. Since then, PS -j- S A = PA = 3851 ; the Radius of the Eccentric C P, will be found 1930: And coniequently SC^PC — PS— 32. Wherefore, C P being lococo, CS will be found — 1558.
Hence, as the Earth's Eccentricity SC, is fcarce the Sixteenth Part of the Radius of the Eccentric CP; the Earth's elliptic Orbit does not deviate much from a circular one. So that 'tis no Wonder a Calculus, made on the Foot of an Eccentric Circle, ftiould anfwer near enough to Ob- fervation. And fince the Eccentricity, determin'd from the Difference of the apparent Diameters, (in obferving which, an Error of fomc Minutes could not eafily be avoided) does not feem exaft enough ; nothing hinders but that the jerus on this Book, Eccentricity, and the Place of the Apogee, may be deter- ECCLESIASTIC mined on the Hypothefis of the Excentric Circle.
ECCHO, or rather Echo. See Echo.
ECCHYMOSIS, from in-^ii, effimdo, to pour out, and kT<«i, Sanguis, Blood, fignifies thofe livid Spots, or Blotches,
Grotius, indeed, takes the Work to be pofterior to So- lomon i and to have been wrote after his lieath by I know not what Authors, fix in Number ; who, to give their Book the greater Authority, put Solomon's Name to it and re- prefented him as Repentant. What he founds fa many pofitivc Fafts on, is, that we meet with Words in this Book, which are no where elfe feen, but in Daniel Ef- dras, and the Chaldee Paraphrafes. '
But, 'tis certain, all, both Hebrews, Greeks and Latins have always fpoke of it as a Work of Solomon. Indeed, there are Authors, who have attributed all the Books of Solomon to Ifaiah ; but thefe are only to be underftood as if that Prophet had collected them. If it be true, that there are Chaldee Words in the Ecclefiafies, 'tis eafier to fuppofe Solomon underftood that Language, than to deny him the Author of the Book.
If the Book is not Solomon's, becaufe Grotius has found four or five Dictions, which are only to be explain'd by the Chaldee and Arabic; we are not fure of the Author of any Book in the Bible. Mofes muft not be the Author of Genefis ; For even in the very firft Vcrfe of that Book, we meet with two or three Words, that are only deducible from Arabic Roots. How many Authors attribute to Solomon, or to Mofes, the Book of Job ; which is that of all the Books of the Old Teftameht, where there is the moll Arabic, Chaldee, or Syriac.
In fine, Calovius affures us, that the true Reafon why Grotius would not allow Solomon the Author of the Book of Ecclefiafies, is, that it fpeaks too clearly, and precifely for his Time, of the Univerfal Judgment, Eternal Life, and the Pains of Hell, which yet are Truths eftablifhed before Solomon in the Pfalms, the 'Pentateuch, and Job.
There appear no Rcafons, therefore, for denying this Book to Solomon 5 But feveral for afcribing it to him. The 1. The Title of the Book, which afferts its Author to be the Son of David, and King of Jerufalem. 2. Se- veral Paffages in the Book, which agree to no Body but that Prince, as C. I. v. 12. C. VII. v. 24. C. XII. v. 9, iSc. 3. Conftant Tradition of the antient Jews and Chriftians.
The Thalmudifis, and other Rabbins, however, note that the Book of Ecclefiafies, was forne Time e're it was put in the Canon. See the Gemara on Pirke Abhotb f. 1. col. r. Majfech Schabbath C. II. fol. 30. col, 2. 4bea Ezra on the Ecclefiafies VII. 4. Maimonides, Moreh, Nebochim, L. III. C. 28. Mercerus, Calovius, and Ge-
or ECCLESIASTICAL, fomething belonging to, or fet apart for the Church ; in Coniradi- ftinction to Civil, or Secular, which regard the World. See Civil, &c.
There are Ecclefiafiical Things and Perfons : Ecclefiia-
in the Skm, which are made by extravafated Blood : The fiioal Law, JurifdiSion, Hiftory, Ceremonies, Discipline,
fame with Ecchymoma. See Exanthemata
ECCLES1A, a Latin Term dignifying Church. See Church.
In our antient Law-Books, Fitz-Herbert obferves, Ec- clefia properly fignifies a Parfonage. Whence, if a Prcfen- tation were made to a Chappel, as to a Church, by the Name of Ecclefia, it changed the Name thereof; and it prefently commenced a Church.
When the Queftion was, Whether it were, Ecclefia, out Capella fertinens ad Ecclefiam ? The Iffue was, Whether it had "Baptifierium & Septtlmram ? For if it had the Adminiftration of the Sacraments, and Sepulture, it was in Law judg'd a Church. See Chappel.
ECCLESIANS, ECCESIANI, in Church Hiftory. Upon any falling out, or Mifunderftanding, between the Emperors and the Church Men, the Adherents to the Emperor called fuch as ftuck to the Interefts of the Church, and Church- men, Ecclefiani ; a Term of Reproach, anfwering to our High-Churchmen.
ECCLESIASTES, one of the Books of the Old Tefta- ment ; Thus call'd, by a Greek Word, fignifying Preacher. By Reafon the Author declares, or preaches, againft the Vices and Vanities of the World.
This is Mariana's Judgment ; Grotius thinks otherwife : He takes it to derive its Appellation from its being a Col-
Sec Law, Jurisdiction, History, litter Regular or Secular.
Preferments, &c. Ceremony, &c.
Ecclefiafiical Perfons, are See Regular and Secular.
In the Empire there are three Ecclefiafiical Elcftors, viz. the Archbifhops of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. See Elector.
In France, they have Ecclefiafiical Peers, &c. See Peer.
Ecclesiastical Courts, are the Convocation, Court of Delegates, Of Arches, Of Audience, Prerogative Court, Court of Peculiars, Bifiiofs Court, and Archdeacons Court. See each under its proper Article, Convocation, Au- dience, Arches, c5c.
Ecclefiafiical Cenfures and Puniffmients, are Excommu- nication, Penance, Stiff enfion, Deprivation, and Depofuion, or Degradation. See Excommunication, Penance, Suspension, Degradation, iSc.
ECCLESIASTICUS, an Apochryphal Book, compofed by Jefus the Son of Sirach, and admitted, by the Romi/h Church, in the Canon of the Old Teftament. See Apochrypha.
It is frequently wrote by an Abbreviation, Eccli. to di- ftinguilh it from the Ecclefiafies, which is wrote Eccle.
Jfidore, L. VI. Etym. C. 2. and among the Moderns,
leSion of fine Sentences, and Reflexions on the Vanity of Grotius, and Drufius, deny the Author of the Ecclefiafticus
- to be Jefus the Son of Sirach, Grandfon of the High Pneft Jefus, who return'd from Babylon with Zorobabsl ; but it appears pretty certain, they are decciv'd. See the Preface of the Author, that XLth Chapter, v. 25. and the Title of the LIXth, with the whole Chapter.
Gencbrard afferts, that Jefus the Son of Sirach was of the Race of Jefus Son of Jofedech. But this does not appear.
St. Jerome affures us, in his Preface to the Books of Solomon, that he had feen this Book in Hebrew ; and that the Hebrews intitled it parables: From which the Jefuite Mariana concludes, that the High Prieft Jefus wrote this Book in Hebrew ; as it appears likewife from the Prologue
V»
the Things of our Earth, iSc. For the Word ^np fignifies to amafs or collect svva&elt^uv.
Some Hebrew Doftors take its Name to arife from ar/iafi fwg a deal of Wifdom : Others, becaufe the Author's Aim is to affemble, and call together, all fuch as are willing to confult their Safety, and avoid the Dangers of the World 3 which is the Opinion of Gejerus .- Laitly, others, with Calovius, deduce it from his affemhling them about him, as a Preacher affembles his Auditory.
There are different Sentiments as to the Author of this Book : The mod common is, that it is Solomon's, who is fuppofed to have wrote it towards the Clofe of his Life, to give Tokens of his Penitence to Pofterity,
