ENG
On f ucn Considerations, that Author, with the confpir- in;' WiShes of Numbers of others, moved the then prime Minister, the Earl of Oxford, to eftablifli a Society, or Academy, for the fettling, and afcertaining, the Purity of our Tongue j to fet a Mark on the Improprieties which Cuftom has made familiar, to throw out vitious Phrafes and Words, to correct others, and perhaps retrieve fome others now grown obfoJctc, and to adjult the Orthography, Pointing, %Sc. Sec Academy,
Without fome fuch Means, he complains, that the Fame any Writer can expect will be fo fhort and fcanty, as by no Means to be a fufficient Motive to call forth, and en- gage a Man to exert his Genius. Our Language is chiefly confined to theft two islands ■ and it is hard our Authors Fame .mould be limited in Time as well as Place. Were it not for the Bible and Common-Prayer, we mould hardly have been able to understand any Thing written a hundred Years ago.
'Tis a melancholy Reflection, that 'Petrarch Still fpeaks good Italian ; whereas Chaucer, who lived an hun- dred Year later, is not to be understood without a Saxon and French Gloflary. And what Security has %)ryden himfelf, while Things continue on their prefent Footing, that he Shall not in a like Space of Time become as obfolete as Chaucer is ?
Grammars, and Dictionaries, with whatever Care and Judgment they are compofed, will prove but a feeble Stay to a fleeting Language, unit-Is they have fome extraordi- nary Sanction, and Authority. And what is to be la- mented, fuch Writings have contributed to the Corruption almoil as much as the Perfection of our Tongue. See Grammar and Dictionary.
Dr. Gill, 'Hen Johnfon, and Hexham, 'tis certain, by forcing the Englift Tongue to the Latin Method, have clog'd, and perplex'd it with Abundance of ufelefs Precepts concerning Cafes, Genders, and Dccleniions of Nouns, Tenfcs, Moods and Conjugations of Verbs, and other Things which our Language has nothing to do withal. 3sor have even Dr. Wdllis, Greenwood, &c. tho' fenSlble of the Fault in thofe others, been able wholly to keep clear of it themfclves. Sec Case, Gender, Number, &c,
IMonv, &c.J iMony, w.
ENGONASIS, in ASvronomy, Hercules; one of the Nor- thern' Constellations. See Hercules.
ENGRAFTING, GRAFTING, or GRAFFING, in Agriculture and Gardening, the Art, or Act, of inferting, or fixing, a Cyon, Shoot, or Bud, of one Tree, in the Stock of another : in order to correct and improve its Fruit, See ^Rvir-Tree.
Or it is the Art of applying a Graft, or Shoot, of one Plant, to the Stock of another; in fuch Manner, as that the Sap pafiing freely thro' both, the Tree grafted on may produce the fame Kind of Fruit with that whence the Graft i's taken. See Graft.
Engrafting only differs from Inoculation, in that the latter is performed when the Sap is at the highelt, in Sum- mer; and the former e're it rifes, at leaft, in any Quantity. See Inoculation.
Engrafting is one of the principal Operations in Gar- dening, and that whereon the Goodncfs of the Fruit greatly depends. See Garden.
'Tis very extraordinary that the Seeds, or Kirncls, or Stones of a Fruit, as an Apple, Pear, Peach, Plumb, Cherry, &c. being fown, degenerate in the Ground ; fo, that the Tree arifmg from it is of another Kind, a Sort of wild- ing, harmer, fouler and coarfer than that of the Parent Tree. To correct this, Trees thus rear'd, mufl be grafted from other better Kinds. See Seminary, Orchard, Nursery, &c.
Affiles are commonly rais'd by Engrafting the intended Kinds on Crab Stocks, procured by fowing the Kirnels : So are 'Pears, procured by grafting on the wild Pear Stock : Tho 1 for Dwarf, or Wall Trees, they generally chufe to Engraft on the Quince Stock. See Dwarf, %&c.
They will alfo do if grafted on the white Thorn. Reaches are produced by graffing on an Almond or Plum- Stock. Indeed, in this Fruit, it fometimes happens that the Stone fown, produces better Fruit than that from which it was taken : But this is not common ; beiide that the Tree in fuch Cafe, is long ere it comes to bear. 'Plums are rais'd by Engrafting on a'Damfon, or wild Plum-Stock : And Cherries, on the Black-Cherry, or Merry Stock, rais'd from Stones.
Our belt Gardeners, likewife, Engraft their lefs kindly Trees from other better of the fame Sort, to mend them ; as, alfo, the fmaller and Single Flowers, as Gillifiowcrs, Wc. from the larger and finer. 2o produce Stocks for En- grafting on. Sec Stock.
The Curious furniih us with other extraordinary and anoinoious Initances of Engrafting : As of Apples on
[3ii]
ENG
Plane, Elder, Thorn, Cabbage-Stalk, (Se. and the lite of Pears, (3c. Pears on Apple Trees, on Elms, t&c. Cherries on the Lawrel ; Coral Berries on the Plum : Beech on the Cheffnut, Oak on the Elm, Goofeberrv on the Currant the Vine on the Cherry Tree, &c. } ^rant,
Inferitur Lauro Cerafus, ftartuque Coatlo
'I"ingit adoftivus virginis Orel junior. Aufonius.
Even ^Daphne's Coynefs thou doft mock,
And weds the Cherry to her Stock. Cowley to Mr.Evelyn.
■ > Mtitatamqv.e infita mala
Ferre Pyrum, (3 Prunis lafidofa nibsfcere Corna., Virgil Geor.Vib.ll.
■ Steriles Platani, Malos geffere Valenteis 5
Caftanes, f a g s . Ormuftjue incamiit alio
Flore Pyri ; Glandemcpie Suesfregerefub ulmis. Id.ibid.
The Origin, and Invention of Engrafting, is differently related by Naturalists : Theofhraflus tells us, that a Bird having fwallow'd a Fruit whole, caft it forth into a Cleft, or Cavity, of a rotten Tree ; where mixing with fome of the putrified Parts of the Wood, and being wafh'd with the Rains, it budded, and produced within this Tree, another Tree of a different Kind. This lead the Husbandman to certain Reflections, from which, foon afterwards, arofe the Art of Engrafting.
'Pliny fets the Thing in a different Light : A Country- man having a Mind to make a Paliffade in his Grounds j that it might endure the longer, he bethought himfelf to fill up, and Strengthen the Bottom of the Paliffade by running, .or wattling it with the Trunks of Ivy. The Ef- fect of this was, that the Stakes of the Paliffadcs taking Root, became Engrafted into the Trunks, and produced large Trees 5 which l'uggefted to the 'Husbandman the Art of Engrafting.
The Reafon, or Philosophy, of Engrafting, is fomewhat obfeure ; and had not Hazard given the firft Hint, all our Knowledge of Nature would never have led us to it. The Effect is ordinarily attributed to the Diversity of the Pores, or Ducts, of the Graft, from thofe of the Stock, which change the Figure of the Particles of the Juices in palling thro' them to the reft of the Tree.
Mr. Bradley, on Occasion of fome Observations of Jlgricola, fuggefts fomething new on this Head : The Stock grafted on, he thinks, is only to be confider'd as a Fund ot vegetable Matter, which is to be fiker'd thto' the Cyon, and digefted, and brought to Matutity, as the Time of Growth in the Vcffels of the Cyon directs. A Cyon, therefore, of one Kind, grafted on a Tree of another, may be rather faid to take Root in the Tree 'tis grafted in, than to unite it fclf with it : For it is vifible that the Cyon preferves its natural Purity and Intent, tho' it be fed and nourifh'd with a mere Crab ; which is, without doubt, occafion'd by the Difference of the Vcffels in the Cyon from thofe of the Stock : So that Grafting may be juStly com- pared to Planting.
In Profecution of this View of that ingenious Author, we add, that the natural Juices of the Earth, by their Secre- tion and Comminution, in paffing thro' the Roots, ci>c. e're they arrive at the Cyon, mult doubtlefs arrive there half elaborated and concocted j and Co difpofed for a more eafy, plentiful, and perfect. Aflimulation and Nutrition ; whence the Cyon muft neceffarily grow and thrive better and fatter than if it were put immediately in the Ground, there to live on coarfe Diet and harder of Digeition : i\nd the Fruit produced, by this futther Preparation in the Cyon, mult be finer and further exalted, than if fed immediately from the more imperfectly prepared and alter'd Juices of the Stock.
The Cyon, to fay no more, is fomewhat in the Condi- tion of the Fojtus in Utero, fed from the Mother's Blood : At leaft, 'tis in that of the Infant after Exclufion, fed with the Mother's Milk.
The Methods, or Kinds of Engrafting are various ; as Grafting in the Cleft, Grafting in the Rind, I'/hip- Grafting, Grafting by Approach, Scutcheon Grafting, Root Grafting, Re-iterated Grafting, Grafting on Bran- ches, &c.
The Apparatus, or Instruments ufed herein, are Saws to cut off the Head of Stocks ; Knives to make Clefts; a Chiffel to pare away the Wood ; Clay, mix'd with Horfe- Dung, to prevent freezing, and with Tanners Hair to prevent cracking ; Bafs Strings, or Woollen Tarn, to tie the Grafts with, and Grafting Wax. See Wax.
Grafting, in the Cleft, or Stock, call'd alfo Slit- Grafting, isthe molt antient, and ordinary Way. We have
a very beautiful Defcrij
of it in Virgil, II. Georg.
v. 78. it is chiefly ufed tor middle Sized Stocks, from one to two Inches Diameter. Its Scafon is the Months of January,
Fsbrse-
