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GOVERNMENT, or Government, a Quality, or Of- fice, which gives a Man Power, or Right, to command, or rule over a Place, a City, a Province, a Kingdom, or the like ; either Supremely, or by Deputation.
Government is chher General, and Supreme, as tnat of a whole Kingdom, Empire, Soveraign State, &c. See King- dom, Empire, State, gc. or 'Particular, and Subordinate; which again is fubdivided into Civil, Military, or Ecclefia- ftical. Sec Civil, Military, and Ecclesiastical.
The Government of the King's Houfhold belongs to the Lord Steward. See Steward, and Housiiold.
Our Cities, Corporations, and Boroughs are ufually go- verned by Mayors, with Aldermen, and Common Council- Men. See Mayor, Alderman, gfc. See alio City, &c.
The King was called to the Government of England, by the free Voices of the Parliament, and the People.— Such a Lord bought the Government of iuch a Province, Hland,£?£. The Eait India Company nominate to the Government of fort St. George, &c.
Government is alfo ufed for the City, Country, or Place to which the Power o£ governing or commanding, is : extended. Sanfon has given us Maps of France, divided into itsGo- vernments. There arc 38 Governments, or Provinces in that Kingdom, imkpendant of each other. Befide thefe, there is another Division into Governments, called Grand Govern- ments, whereof there are twelve, viz. thofe of the We of France, 'Burgundy, Normandy, Srittany, 'Picardy, Dau- pbiw\;ikc. which are not proper Provinces, commanded eacn by its feveral Governor, but rather fo many Gaffes of Governors, or Governments, contrived for the better, and caficr regulating the Seats, &c. of fo many Governors, Bail- lages, Prevotes, %$e. as were obliged to aflift at the holding of the General Effates. — _
Government, again, is ufed for the manner, or Form of governing, i. e. for the Policy of a Country, State, fc/C. See Law, and Policy.
InthisSenfe, Governments aje divided into Monarchies, Arijiocracies, and -Democracies. See Monarchy, Ari- stocracy, Democracy.
The Government of France is Monarchic ^ that of Venice, Ariftocratic ; and that of the United Provinces, 'Democra- tic : The Government of Engl 'and is both Monarchic^ Ari- stocratic, and 'Democratic all in one.
Government, in Grammar, is underftood of that Con- ftruction of Nouns, and Verbs, wherein they require fome Al- teration to be made in others, join'd or conftructed with them. See Construction, Noun, and Verb. .
Conflruction is divided into two Parts, that of Concord ; and that of Government, calfd alfo Regimen. See Con- cord.
2"be Rules, or Mcafures of Government, or Regimen, fee under the Article Regimen.
GOVERNOUR, or Gouvernour, an Officer veiled by a King or Soveraign Prince, with the Command and Ad- ministration of aProvince, Place, &c. See Government. Such a Govemour being charg'd with MaUidminiiiration, was recalled, and brought to his Trial.
A Govemour reprefents the King; and not only commands the Garrifon, Troops, &c. but the ^Citizens, £5*c A Gover- nour of a fortified Place was antiently required to hold out three Attacks, before he furrender'd. —
Governour is alfo frequently ufed for a Superintendant- Thus we fay, The Govemour 01 the Bank ; the Govemour and Directors of the South Sea Company; the Govemour of a Hofpital, H$c. See Bank, Company, Hospital, &c GOUGE, an Instrument ufed by divers Artificers; being a fort of round, hollow ChiSfel; ferving to cut Holes, Chan- nels, Grooves, &c. in Wood, Stone, &c. See Chissel.
GOUST, Gout, sl Freizch Term, for what the Italians call Gufio, and we, *tafle. See Taste.
GOUT, Arthritis, in Medicine, a painful Difcafe, occafion'd by 'a Flux of Jiiarp Humor, upon the Joints of the Body. Sec Disease.
Some Physicians define the Gout, an Inflammation, Swel- ling, and Painfulncfs of the Joints. Its prime Caufc is ufually attributed to Wine, Venery, Gluttony, and Idlenefs,
The Gout is fuppoled to arife from two Caufes: A Re- dundancy of Humors, and a WeaJcneS of the Joints. Its proper Seat is in the Limbs ; not in the Trunk of the Body: In the latter Cafe it frequently proves mortal, not in the former.
Mttjgrave makes the Apoplexy a Gout, becaufe arising from ths Abundance of Pitulta, or Phlegm. According as this redundant Pituita throws itlelf on the Lungs, the Li- ver, or any other Part, it makes, according to him, an Apo- phwr, a Gout of the Liver, of the Lung, of the Spleen, -ike. The Gout is a Painful, Periodical, and Critical Paroxyfm, tending to free the Body of an offensive, or corroSive Mat- ter, by throwing it upon the Extremities ; breathing it out infenfibly; or comminuting it {0 as to render it harmlefs, or tapa&te of circularity freely along with the Juices, till by col-
lecting again, gradually increasing, or feparating from th* Blood, it caufes another Paroxylm.
The Gout is either Regular, or Irregular. Regular, when it appears to befeated in the Extremities of the Body, returns at Slated Periods, and with a gradual Incrcafe and Decline of the Symptoms ; Irregular, when the Paroxyfms are frequent, and uncertain; when the Symptoms vary, or happen promifcuoufly, and the Difcafe appears to be feated in the internal Parts of the Body ; as the Stomach, Brain, ££?<v leaving the extreme Parts, as the Hands, Feet, $£c. free from Pain.
According as different Parts arc affected by this Diftem- per, it gocsT>y different Names: When it lci2.es the Feet, it is called 'Podagra; when the Knees, Gonagra ; when the Hands, Chiragra; and when the Hip Joint, Sciatica, £f?c. See Podagra, Chiragra, Sciatica, &c.
Sometimes it attacks the whole Body at the fame time, and then it is called the General, or Univerfal Gout.
The Gout may be Hereditary, or Natural to the Consti- tution, proceeding from a too great ConllricHon of the Ca- pillary Veffels, whence the gouty Humor is more eaiily lodged, or detained in them. It may alio proceed from High-living, Crapula's, and eating fuch things as are hard of DigeSlion ; a fedentary Life, drinking too freely of tar- tarous Wines; irregular living, Excefs in Venery; an ob- llrucled Perfpiration, and a Suppreffion of the natural Eva- cuations.
The immediate Caufe of the Gout appears to be an Al- kaline, or acrimonious Matter in the Blood ; which being Se- parated from it at particular times, falls upon the Joints, but moil frequently upon the Feet, and Hands; which, if it be repelled, or if the Blood be overcharged therewith, fo that a Criits cannot be procured in the Extremities (as ge- nerally happens in old Age) it falls upon the nobler Parts; and then produces the Irregular Gout.
The Regular, chiefly and immediately affecls the Ten- dons Nerves, Membranes, and Ligaments of the Body, a- bout the Joints— Sometimes a cold ihivering Fit precedes, and Generally a Fever accompanies, its firfi Appearance, which foon goes off, and returns by Intervals. A flight Pain is felt in the Joints, where the Crisis is performed, which in- creafes gradually ; and in the Podagra generally fixes firil on the great Toe, thence proceeding to the Tarfus and Me- tatarfus ; fometimes, efpecially in old Age, it attacks the Knees and Hands; and wherever it is, by diflending and irritating the Parts, caufes a violent Pain, not unlike to that of a diflocated Bone. When the Pain is at its State, there appears an Inflammation, and a Swelling; both which in- creafeas the Pain incrcafes ; and upon their RemiiTion, the Paroxyfm is ended : Tho' the Tendcrnefs and Swelling in fe- vere Fits, will fometimes remain a longer Time, and caufe anUneaiinefs upon Motion.
It it obferved, that Women, Children, and young Men, are feldom troubled with the Gout, unlefs it be hereditary; that it rarely attacks, before the Patient is 35, or 40 Years- old, and fometimes not till the Decline of Life; that the Corpulent are more fubjecl to it, than thofe who are fpare, and lean; that the Pain increafes towards Night, and de- creafes towards the Morning; that the longer the Interval be- tween the Paroxyfms, the more fevere they prove, and the longer they generally continue.
TheDifeafe ufually returns twice a Year, viz. in the Spring, and Autumn; and in the latter the Paroxyfm is fometimes two, or three Months, before it comes to a Period ; tho' its Dura- tion is fometimes not above three, or four Weeks.
Thefe are called Cardinal Paroxyfms, to diitinguifh them from others of lefs Duration, which happen between the Spring and Autumn. The more high-colour'd the Urine, and the lefs Sediment it depofites; the further is theDifeale from the State of Concoction, as 'tis termed. According to the Violence and Continuance of the Fever, the Paroxyfm proves more or lefs fevere.
In Constitutions much broke or fhatter'd with the Gout, there are ufually Stony, or chalky Concretions form'd in tho Joints of the Fingers, or Toes, and thence translated to the Vifcera; which cafe is often attended with irregular, frequent, and Short Paroxyfms in the Extremities. In the Decline of Life, when the ufual Fits do not happen ; or if the gouty Matter be fuddenly repelled from the Extremities by an improper Regimen, or Medicines; it ufually leizes the in- ternal Parts, and frequently the Stomach, Head, Interlines, &c. CauSing Want of Appetite, Reaching to vomit, Indi- geftion, a Cachexia, the Jaundice, Afthma, Diarrhea ; and at lair, fo obflructs the fine capillary, nervous Tubes (efpecially thofe of the Stomach, and Brain) as poffibly to hinder the Flux of the Animal Spirits: Upon which Death fuddenly enfucs.
Sydenham gives us an accurate Hiilory of a Fit of the Gout in the Feet : It begins towards the Clofe of January, or Beginning of February, without the leaft previous Notice ; except, perhaps, a Crudity, or Apepfy for fomeWeeks before- hand 5 with a fort of windy Intumefcence, and a Heavinefs
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