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the Pumice-Stone without any Chalk underneath ; this fmooths and foftens the Flefh-Side very confiderably. They drain it again, by parting over it the iron Inftrument as before.
The Flefh-Side thus drain'd, they pafs the Iron on the Wool, or Hair-Side 5 then, ftrctch it tight on the Frame by means of the Pins, and go over the Flefh-Side again with the Iron 5 this finishes its draining ; and the more the Skin is drained, the whiter it ever becomes.
Theynow throw on more Chalk, fweeping it over with a aPiece of Lamb-fkinthat has the Wool on ^ this fmooths it ftill further, and gives it a white Down or Nap. 'Tis now left to dry, and when dried, taken off the Frame, by cutting it all round.
The Skin, thus far prepared by the Skinner, is taken out of his Hands by the Parchment-Maker ; who firfi /crapes or pares it dry on the Summer, with an iron Inltrument like that above- mentioned, only finer and /harper 5 with this, work'd with the Arm from Top to Bottom of the Skin, he takes away about cneHalf of its Thicknefs. The Skin, thus, equally pared, on both Sides, they pais the Pumice- Stone over both Sides, to fmoothit.This laft Preparation is perform 'don a Kind of Form or Bench cover'd with a Sack fluffed with Flocks, and leaves the Parchment in a Condition for writing on.
The paring of the Skin dry on the Summer, is the moft difficult Preparation in the whole Procefsof Parchment-m&Ymg, for which Reafon the Skinners feldom dare meddle with it; but ufually leave it to thofe more experienced in it : The Sum- mer whereon it is performed, is a Calf-Skin well ftretch'd on a Frame ferving as a Support to the Skin which is faflen'd a-top of it with a wooden Inffrument, that has a Notch cut in it. LaAly, that the iron Knife may pafs the eafier, between the Summer and the Skin to be pared, they put another Skin which they call the Counter-Summer. The Parings thus taken oft" the Leather, are ufed in making Glue, Size, &c. See Glue, Sifc
What we call Vellom is only 'Parchment made of the Skins of abortive Calves, or at leaft of fucking Calves $ 'tis finer, whiter and fmoother than the common 'Parchment ; but is prepared in the fame manner as that, abating that 'tis not pafs'd thro' the Lime-Pit.
PARCO./rfl£?0, in Law, a Writ that lies againft him who violently breaks open a Pound, and takes out Beafts thence, which for fome Trefpafs done, were lawfully impounded. See Pound-
PARDON, in Law, a Remifiion, or Forgiveneis of a fe- lonious, or other Offence againft the King.
This our Lawyers make twofold 5 the one, ex Gratia Regis, the other, per Corns de Ley. The firft is that, which the King out of fome fpecial Regard to the Perfon, or fome other Cir- cumflance, grants by his abfolutc Perogative or Power. The other is that he grants, as the Law and Equity perfuades, for a flight Offence ; as Homicide Cafual, £*?£.
Pardon, in the Canon Law, is an Indulgence which the Pope "rants to fuppofed Penitents, for Remiflion of the Pains of Purgatory, which they have merited for the Satisfaction of their Sins. See Indulgence.
The grand Time for the Difpenfation of tp&td&m isthe^- hlke. See Jubilee.
In this Senfe, Pardon is properly the Angelic Salutation, faid to the Virgin at the Sound of three little Strokes of a Bell, rung in the Morning, Noon, and Night, in order for the Perfon to be entitled to Indulgences.
PARDONERS, in our antient Cufloms, were Perfons who carried about the Pope's Indulgences, and fold 'em to the higheft Bidders. See Indulgence.
PAREGORICKS, in Medicine, Remedies which affwage Pain ; the fame with what we otherwife call Anodynes, and 0- pates. See Anodyne and Opiate.
The Word is Greek v«p9Peup.
PARELCON, in Grammar, a Figure, whereby a Word, or Syllable, is added to the End of another.
PARELIA, or parhelia, in Phyfiology. See Parhe-
PAREIRA BRAVA, the Root of a Plant growing in the
Weft-Indies 5 chiefly Mexico and Brazil; eftcem'd a Specific for the Cure of the Stone and Gravel.
The Name, which in the original Portuguese, fignifies Wild- Vine or Safiard Vine, bears a good deal of Analogy to the Plant which bears Branches loaden with Leaves perfectly like thofe 'of the Vine ? and which, like them, creep along Walls
The Porttiiueze value this Root on an equal footing with the Ipecacuanha. Some Druggifts call it, by Corruption, Pa- rada Srava. - -
M. Geoffrey attributes the Efficacy of this Root, in Nephritic Cafes, to itsdiffolving the vifcid Matters, whereby the Par- ticles 'of the Sand, &c were cemented together : And hence, he gives it with the fame Intention in Jaundices, Afthma's, &>C. It is given in Decoclion.
The Portuguese hold it alfo a Remedy for Dyfenteries, Quinzies, Bites of venomous Beafts, £jfc.
PARENCHYMA, or ?arenchymou« Fw* in Anatomy, a
Term ufed for the peculiar Subftance of feveral Parts of the Bodies of Animals, as the Heart, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Ki<i- nies, &c. thus called from the Greek <aap&y%Jf M *t Effufion, q. d. generated by a Collection and Condenfation of Juice. See Flesh. £rajijfratus fir ft gave the Name; as imagining the Sub- ftanceof thefe Parts not to be Vafcular like the reft, but to con- fift of a Mafs or Coagulant of Blood, ftagnared in the Veflcls of the Parts: But the Moderns reject this Opinion : TheOb- fervations made by Microfcopes, Injections,^, clearly /hewing, that the Heart is a true Mufcle, {See Heart) the Lungs and Spleen, Clulters of membranous Veficles, and Veflels (See Lungs and Spleen) and the Liver and Kidnies, Compofirions of Glands, thro' which the Bile and Urine are filtrated. See Liver and Kidnies.
Parenchyma of a Plant. Dr. Grew gives the Name Pa- renchyma to the Pith or Pulp 5 or that inner Partof the Planr, thro' which the Juice is fuppofed to be diftributed. See Plant, Pith, £5?f.
This, when view'd with a Microfcope, appears to refemble Marrow 5 or rather a Spunge , being a porous flexible dilatable Subftance. See Medulla.
Its Pores are innumerable, and exceedingly fmall ; receiving as much Humour as is requifite to fill and extend them $ which Difpofition of Pores it is, that is fuppofed to fit the Plant for Vegetation and Growth. See Vegetation.
The Parenchyma is white, at fir/f, but changes its Colour, in Proportion as the Root grows thicker. Thus it becomes yellow in the Root of the Baftard Rhubarb, and red in that of the Snake-weed. See Plant.
PARENT, a Term of Relation, applicable to thofe from whom we immediately receive our Being. See Father and Mother.
PARENTALE, de parentalefe tcllere, in the antient Cu-
ftoms, fignificd a Renunciation of one's Kindred, and Family.
This was done in open Court, before the Judge, and in the
Prcfence of twelve Men, who made Oath, they believed it was
done for a iuft Caufe.
We read of it in the Laws of Hen. I. after fuch Abjuration, the Perfon was incapable of inheriting any Thing from any of his Relations, £#tf.
PARENT ALIA, in Antiquity, funeral Obfequies 5 or the laft Duties paid by Children to their deceafed Parents. See Obsequies.
PARENTHESIS, in Grammar, a Number of Intercalary Words, inferted in a Difcourfe ; which interrupt the Senfe, or Thread, but which feem neceflary for the fuller underftanding of the Subject.
The Word is form'd of the Greek <att& inter, between, and ivMati Poiltion, q. d. put between.
The politeft of our modern Writers avoid all Parentheses; as keeping the Mind in fufpence,embarraffing it, and rendering the Difcourfe lefs clean, uniform and agreeable : Long and frequent Parentheses are intolerable ; efpecially in Verfe, which they ever render dull, and languid, and liketo Profe.
The proper Char after if tic of a Parenthefis, is that it may be either taken in, or left cut, the Senfe and Grammar remain- ing entire.
In Speaking, Parenthefes are to be pronounced with a diffe- rent Tone ; and in writing, are inclofed between ( ) 5 to diftin- guifli them from the reft of the Difcourfe.
The Character itfelf is alfo called a ParenthefiS. See Cha- racter.
PARERE, in Commerce, an Italian Term which begins to be naturalized. It fignifies the Advice or Counsel of a Mer- chant or Negotiant ; for that fuch a Perfon, being confulted on any Point, introduces his Anfwer, in Italian^ with Mi _pare t i. e. / think, it feems to me.
The Method of Negotiating, efpecially, that of Bills ofEx- change, being borrowed from the Italians, moft trading Cities, efpecially Lyons, retain the Ufe of Pareres; which are the Advices or Opinions of Merchants and Negotiants ; and which ferve as A&s before Notaries, when given by Authority of a Judge-Converfator, or at a particular Confultation, for main- taining the Right oftheConfulter.
M. Savary has an excellent Treatife, intitled, Parere, ou Avis & Confeilsfur les fknlmf art antes Matieres du Commerce ; Containing the Refolution of the moft difficult Queftions re- lating to Bankrupts and Failures, Bills of Exchange, Orders without Dates or Expreflion of Value, Bknk-fignings, Renew- ing of Bills of Exchange, thofe drawn or accepted by Women in Behalf of their Husbands, or during the Minority of the Drawer, £5>c.
PARERGA, a Term fometimes ufed in Architecture, for Additions, or Appendages, made, by way of Ornament, to a principal Work.
It is fometimes alfo ufed in Painting for little Pieces, or Com- parfiments on the Sides, or in the Corners of the principal Piece.
PARESIS, in Medicine, aDifeafe call'd alfo P&f&lyfis and Paljy. See Paralysis, &c.
PARGETING, in Building, is ufed for the Plaiftering of Wallsj fometimesfor the Plaifter itfelf. See Plaister.
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