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eluded, that the Seed of thefe Trttffies was brought from France among the Roots of the other Plants.
Thefe Ehglip lhtff.es were firtt diicover'd by Dr. Hatton*
Dr. Taiuml Robinfon allures us, they are the true French
Irtifjks i the Italian Tarteffi or Tartujjole, and the Spanijh lurmOS de %iera t being not noted by Mr. Ray as ever known on JBnglijb Ground : indeed, he adds, that he has ieen them thrice as large at Florence, Rome, &c.
Thofe obferv'd in England are all included in a ftudded Bark or Coat, and the inner Subflance is of the Confiitence of the fiefhy Part of a young Chelhut, of a Paiie Colour, a rank orhircine Smell, and unlavoury.
By a Chymical Analyiis, Truffles are found to abound in a volatile Alkali mix'd with Oil, upon which their Smell, &C. depends. They never rile out of the Ground ; but are found ulually half a Toot beneath the Surface thereof.
Dr. Hat ton has obferv'd ieveral little Fibres i (filing out of fome Truffles, and infinuating themlelves within the Soil, which, in all Probability, do the Office of Roots. — The Truffles grow tolerably globular, as receiving their Nouri fo- ment all around them ; they being ro be consider *d, like Sea Plants, encompals'd with their Food, which they luck in thro' the Pores of their Bark or Rind. See Coral.
They are tendered and belt in the Spring, tho' eafieft found in Autumn; the Wet fuelling them, and the Thunder and Lightening dtlpofing them to lend forth their Scent, fo alluring to the Swine, that ibme of the Ancients cali'd them Ceraunia.
The Depth at which the Truffles lie, Dr. Robhfmi ob- ierves, is no Objection to their being of the vegetable Tribe ; that being a Thing common to. Ieveral other Plants that ihoot up Stalks, particularly rhe Lathyrus tuberofus, com- monly cali'd Chamabalanm and Terra Glan.ies, in Evglijh Earth-Nuts, the Roots of our Buibocadanum, &c.
The Ancients are exceedingly divided as to the Ufe of Truffles; fome affirming them to be wholelbme Food, and others pernicious; Amcmna particularly, who will have them to caufe Apoplexies. — For my own Parr, fays M. Le- mery, I am of Opinion they have borh good and evil Effe&s; they reftore and ftrengthen the S.omach, promote the Semen, \§c. but when us'd in abundai.ee, they attenuate and divide the Juices immoderately, and by fame volatile and exalted Principles, occalion great Fermentations, t£c. tho' the Pep- per and Salt they are ordinarily eaten withal, do doubdefs contribute greatly to thofe Effects : — Their r ch Taite is ow- ing to their not putting forth any Stalk 3 in effect their Principles being united, and, as it were, concentred in a little Bulb, muft yield a richer and more delicious Savour than if the Juices were difoersM by Vegetation thro' the feverat Parts of a common Plant. — Some roaft the Truffles under the A foes ; others pulverize and mix them in Sauces.
The Word is form'd from the Zatin, Tuber, or Tubemt-
lll'iil.
TRUG, and Trvg-Com, in our ancient Cuftoms. — Tres Trug frumenti vel avenge faciunt 2 Sujhels, intra pre- bendam de Hunderton in Ecclefia Heref, M. S. detemp. E. 3.
In the black Book of Hereford, we find trttga frumenti for a Meafure of Wheat: And at Lempfer, at this Day, the Vicar has Trvg-Corn allow'd him for officiating at fbmc Chapels of Kale, as Stoke and Dcckly within that Parifo. — Haply it may come from the Saxon, Trog, which fignifies a great hollow Vefl'el or Trough.
TRULLIZATION, in the ancient Architecture, a Term us'd by Vitruvius for all Kinds of Couches or Layers of Mortar, wrought with the Trowel in the Infide of Vaults 5 or for the Hatches made on the Layer of Mortar, to retain the Lining of Stuc.
TRULLUM,a barbarous Word, fignifying Dome; chiefly us'd in this Phrafe, The Council in Trullo. See Council.
This was a Council affembled in the Year 680, againft the Jllonothelites, in the Dome of the Palace of Confantinople y cali'd Trullum ; the Name whereof it has retain'd.
It was alfo cali'd the §>iiinfzxtwn. See Quinsextum.
The Trullum was properly a Hall in the Palace of the Emperors of Confantinofle, where they ufiially confulted of Matters of State. — The Council held therein was the 6th Oecumenical or Genera! Council, cali'd in Trullo.
The Term is form'd from rhe Latin, Trtilla, Cup 5 the Hall beins fo cali'd becaufe vaulted.
TRUMPET, a mufical Tnfrrument, the tnofl liable of all portable ones of the Wind Kind, us'd chiefly in War, among the Cavalry, to direcl rheni in the Service. See Music.
- Tis ufually made of Brafs, fometimes of Silver, Iron,
Tin, and Wood. Mofes, we read, made two of Silver, to be us'd by the Prielh, Numb. x. and Solomon made 200 like thofe of Mefes, as we are infortn'd by Jofephus, lib. viii. which foews abundantly the Antiquity of that Inftru- ment.
The Ancients had various Inflruments of the Trumpet Kind; as the Tuba, Cornua, and Litui ; which fee under their reipe&ive Articles.
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The modern Trumpet confifts of a Mouth-piece, near an Inch broad, tho" the Bottom be only one Third lo 'much. — The Pieces which convey the Wind are cali'd the Srmxl.es -, the two Places where it is bent, 'Potences ; and the Canal between the fecond Bend and the Extremity, the <P«vUltm ; the Places where the Branches take afunder, or are iol- dcr'd, the Knots ; which are five in Number, and cover the Joints.
When the Sound of the Trumpet is well manag'd, 'tis of a great Compafs. — Indeed its Extent is not ftriaiy determi- nable ; fince it reaches as high as the Strength of the Breath can force ir. -- A good Breath will carry it beyond four Oclaves, which is the Limit of the uf'ual Keys of Spinets and Organs.
In War there are eighr principal Manners of founding the Trumpet : The fidi, cali'd the Cavalquet, us'd when an Army approaches a City, or paflra thro' it in a March. -- The fecond the Soute-felle, us'd when the Army is to de- camp nr march. — The third is when they /bund to Horfe, and then to the Standard. ~ The fourth is the Charge. — The fifth the Watch.-- The fixth is cali'd the double Caval- qtut- — The feventh the Chamade. — And the eighth the Retreat. Befide various Flourilb.es, Voluntaries, jjr. uled in Rejoycings.
There are alfo People who blow the Trumfet fo foftly, and draw fo delicate a Sound from it, that it is uled not only in Church Mufic, but even in Chamber Mufic : And 'tis on this Account that in the Italian and German Mufic we frequently find Parts en:itled Tromba prima, or I" firft Trumpet, Tromba \\\ figonda, Ilia, terza, fecond, third Trumpet, e?c, as being intended to be play'd with Trum- pets.
There are two notable Defects in the Trumpet, obferv'd by Mt. Roberts, in the Thilofifhical TranfaBicus ; — The firft is, that it will only perform certain Notes within its Compafs, commonly cali'd Trumpet Notes-. The iecond, that four of the Notes it does perform, are our of Tune. See Note.
The lame Defects are found in the Trumpet Marine ■ and the Realon is the fame in borh. See Trumpet Marine.
The Word Trumpet is form'd from the French, Trompette. Menage derives it from the Greek, rpiftS®-, turbo, a Shell anciently uled for a Trumpet. T)u Cange derives it from the corrupt Latin, Trumpa, or the Italian, Tromba or Trombetta ; others from the Celtic, Trompill, which fignifies the fame Thing.
Trumpet Marine, is a mufical Inftrument confifting of three Tables, which form its triangular Body.
Ir has a very long Neck, with one fingle String, very thick mounted on a Bridge, which is firm on one Side, but tremu- lous on the other. - 'Tis flruck by a Bow with the one Hand, and with the other the String is prefs'd or flopp'd on the Neck by the Thumb.
'Tis the Trembling of the Bridge, when flruck, that makes it imitate the Sound of a Trumpet ; which it does to that Perfeaion, that 'tis fcarce poffible to diflinguiffi the one from the other.
And this is what has given the Denomination of Trumpet Marine, tho', in Propriety, it be a kind of Monochord
The Trumpet Marine has the fame Defefls with the Trumpet, viz. that it performs none but Trumpet Notes and fome of thofe either too flat or too fharp. — The Rca- fon, Mr. Fr. Roberts accounts for, only premifing rhar com- mon Obfervation of two unifon Strings, that if one be flruck, the other will move ; the Impulfes made on the Air by one String, fetting another in Motion, which lies in a Difpofition to have its Vibrations fynchronous to them : To which it may be added, that a String will move, not only at the flriking of an Unifon, but alio at that of an 8th or i jth there being no Contrariety in the Motions to hinder each other. See Unison and Chord.
Now in the Trumpet Marine you do not flop clofe, as in other Inflruments, but touch the String gently with your Thumb, whereby there is a mutual Concurrence of the upper and lower Part of the String to produce the Sound. — Hence 'tis concluded, that the Trumpet Marine yields no mufical Sound, but when the Stop makes the upper Part of the String an Aliquot of the Remainder, and confequently of the Whole ; otherwife the Vibrations of the Parts will 'flop one another, and make a Sound fuirable to their Motion, al- together confus'd. Now the<e aliquot Parts, he lliews, are the very Stops which produce the Trumpet Notes.
Trumpet Harmonious, is an Inftrumenr which imitates the Sound of a Trumpet, and which refembles it in every thing, excepting that it is longer, and confifls of more Branches. *
'Tis ordinarily cali'd Sackbllt. See Sackcut.
Speaking Trumpet, is- a Tube from fix to fifteen Foot long, made of Tin, perfectly flrai^ht, and with a very hjp e Aperture j the Mouth-piece being big enough to receive both Lips.
The
