I.
APPARENT MOVEMENTS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES AS SEEN FROM EARTH.
The stars appear to us like points of light, differing greatly in brightness, and scattered very irregularly over the dome above us. All are moving, some much more quickly than others, yet a little attention shows that they do not change their relative positions, and therefore that all must share in one connected movement. If, for instance, any one group be singled out, and looked for again some hours later, it will be evident that it has moved considerably as a whole, yet the stars composing it have kept the same places with regard to one another.
Careful and prolonged observations prove that to observers in the northern hemisphere one star has hardly any perceptible movement, that those nearest to it sweep round it in small circles, and those further away in larger and larger circles, parts of which are hidden below the horizon. All these circlings are performed in the same time, and therefore the stars near the stationary point move more slowly in their small circles than those further away.
All this is precisely what we should see if the sky were a great hollow sphere, turning about the earth on an axis which runs close to the almost stationary star—known therefore as the Pole Star. The direction is from east to west, and a complete revolution is made in a day and night.
