on the convex surface becomes lateral and then concave; but, owing to the youth of these terminal internodes, the reversal of the hook is a slower process than the revolving movement. This strongly marked tendency in the young terminal and flexible internodes to bend more abruptly than the other internodes is of service to the plant; for not only does the hook thus formed sometimes serve to catch a support, but (and this seems to be much more important) it causes the extremity of the shoot to embrace much more closely its support than it otherwise could have done, and thus aids in preventing the stem from being blown away from it during windy weather, as I have many times observed. In Lonicera brachypoda the hook only straightened itself periodically, and never became reversed. I will not assert that the tips of all twining plants, when hooked, move as above described; for this position may in some cases be due to the manner of growth, as with the bent tips of the shoots of the common vine, and more plainly with those of Cissus discolor; these plants, however, are not spiral twiners.
The purpose of the spontaneous revolving movement, or, more strictly speaking, of the continuous bending movement successively directed to all points of the compass, is, as Mohl has remarked, obviously in part to favour the shoot finding a support. This is admirably effected by the revolutions carried on night and day, with a wider and wider circle swept as the shoot increases in length. But as we now understand the nature of the movement, we can see that, when at last the shoot meets with a support, the motion at the point of contact is necessarily arrested, but the free projecting part goes on revolving. Almost immediately another and upper point of the shoot is brought into contact with the support and is arrested; and so onwards to the extremity of the shoot; and thus it winds round its support. When the shoot follows the sun in its revolving course, it winds itself round the support from right to left, the support being supposed to stand in front of the beholder; when the shoot revolves in an opposite direction, the line of winding is reversed. As each internode loses from age its power of revolving, it loses its power of spirally twining round a support. If a man swings a rope round his head, and the end hits a stick, it will coil round the stick according to the direction of the swinging rope; so it is with twining plants, the continued contraction or turgescence of the cells along the free part of the shoot replacing the momentum of each atom of the free end of the rope.
All the authors, except Von Mohl, who have discussed the
