Dublin twined up sticks above 8 feet in height. These facts are highly remarkable; for there can hardly be a doubt that in the dryer provinces of South Africa these plants must have propagated themselves for thousands of generations in an erect condition; and yet during this whole period they have retained the innate power of spontaneously revolving and twining, whenever their shoots become elongated under proper conditions of life. Most of the species of Phaseolus are twiners; but certain varieties of the P. multiflorus produce (Léon, p. 681) two kinds of shoots, some upright and thick, and others thin and twining. I have seen striking instances of this curious case of variability with "Fulmer's dwarf forcing-bean," on which occasionally a long twining shoot appeared.
Solanum dulcamara is one of the feeblest and poorest of twiners: it may often be seen growing as an upright bush, and when growing in the midst of a thicket merely scrambles up the branches without twining; but when, according to Dutrochet (tom. xix. p. 299), it grows near a thin and flexible support, such as the stem of a nettle, it twines round it. I placed sticks round several plants and vertical stretched strings close to others, and the strings alone were ascended by twining. We here, perhaps, see the first stage in the habit of twining; and the stem twines indifferently to the right or the left. Some other species of the genus, and of another genus, viz. Habrothamnus, of the same family of Solanaceæ, which are described in horticultural works as twining plants, seemed to possess this faculty in a very feeble manner. On the other hand, I suspect that with Tecoma radicans we have the last vestige of a lost habit: this plant belongs to a group abounding with twining and with tendril-bearing species, but it ascends by rootlets like those of the Ivy; yet I observed that the young internodes seldom remained quite stationary, but performed slight irregular movements which could hardly be accounted for by changes in the action of the light. Anyhow it need not be supposed that there would be any difficulty in the passage from a spirally twining plant to a simple root-climber; for the young internodes of Bignonia Tweedyana and of Hoya carnosa revolve and twine, and likewise emit rootlets which adhere to any fitting surface.
It has long been observed that several plants climb by the aid of their leaves, either by the petiole or by the produced midrib; but beyond this simple fact nothing is known of them. Palm
