I have just alluded to the twisting which necessarily follows from the spiral ascent of the stem, namely, one twist for each spire completed. This was well shown by painting straight lines on stems, and then allowing them to twine; but, as I shall have to recur to this subject under Tendrils, it may be here passed over.
I have already compared the revolving movement of a twining plant to that of the tip of a sapling, moved round and round by the hand held some way down the stem; but there is a most important difference. The upper part of the sapling moves as a rigid body, and remains straight; but with twining plants every inch of the revolving shoot has its own separate and independent movement. This is easily proved; for when the lower half or two-thirds of a long revolving shoot is quietly tied to a stick, the upper free part steadily continues revolving: even if the whole shoot, except the terminal tip of an inch or two in length, be tied up, this tip, as I have seen in the case of the Hop, Ceropegia, Convolvulus, &c., goes on revolving, but much more slowly; for the internodes, until they have grown to some little length, always move slowly. If we look to the one, two, or several internodes of a revolving shoot, they will be all seen to be more or less bowed either during the whole or during a large part of each revolution. Now if a coloured streak be painted (this was done with a large number of twining plants) along, we will say, the convex line of surface, this coloured streak will after a time (depending on the rate of revolution) be found to lie along one side of the bow, then along the concave side, then on the opposite side, and, lastly, again on the original convex surface. This clearly proves that the internodes, during the revolving movement, become bowed in every direction. The movement is, in fact, a continuous self-bowing of the whole shoot, successively directed to all points of the compass.
As this movement is rather difficult to understand, it will be well to give an illustration. Let us take the tip of a sapling and bend it to the south, and paint a black line on the convex surface; then let the sapling spring up and bend it to the east, the black line will then be seen on the lateral face (fronting the north) of the shoot; bend it to the north, the black line will be on the concave surface; bend it to the west, the line will be on the southern lateral face; and when again bent to the south, the line will again be on the original convex surface. Now, instead of bending the sapling, let us suppose that the cells on its whole southern surface were to contract from the base to the tip, the whole shoot would be bowed to the south; and let the longi-
