CHAPTER XIII. THE REIGN OF DIOCLETIAN AND HIS THREE ASSOCIATES, MAXIMIAN, GALERIUS, AND CONSTANTIUS. — GENERAL REESTABLISHMENT OF ORDER AND TRANQUILLITY. THE PERSIAN WAR, VICTORY, AND TRIUMPH. THE NEW FORM OF ADMINISTRATION. ABDICATION AND RETIREMENT OF DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN. As the reign of Diocletian was more illustrious than Elevation that of any of his predecessors, so was his birth more ^"^ ^Y-^^' abject and obscure. The strong claims of merit and cletian. of violence had frequently superseded the ideal prero- ^•^* ^^^' gatives of nobility ; but a distinct line of separation was hitherto preserved between the free and the servile part of mankind. The parents of Diocletian had been slaves in the house of Anulinus, a Roman senator ; nor was he himself distinguished by any other name, than that which he derived from a small town in Dalmatia, from whence his mother deduced her origin ^ It is, however, probable, that his father obtained the free- dom of the family, and that he soon acquired an office of scribe, which was commonly exercised by persons of his condition ^ Favourable oracles, or rather the con- sciousness of superior merit, prompted his aspiring son to pursue the profession of arms and the hopes of for- tune ; and it would be extremely curious to observe the gradation of arts and accidents which enabled him in the end to fulfil those oracles, and to display that merit to the world. Diocletian was successively pro-
- Eutrop. ix. 19 ; Victor in Epitom. The town seems to have been pro-
perly called Doclia, from a small tribe of lllyrians, (see Cellarius, Geograph. Antiqua, tom. i. p. 393.) and the original name of the fortunate slave was probably Docles ; he first lengthened it to the Grecian harmony of Diodes, and at length to the Roman majesty of Diocletianus. He likewise assumed the patrician name of Valerius, and it is usually given him by Aurelius Victor. b See Dacier on the sixth satire of the second book of Horace ; Cornel. Nepos, in Vit. Eumen. c. i.
