Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1827) Vol 1.djvu/90

CHAP. II.
_____of the Romans, was the principal, if not the only instrument of commerce. It was a complaint worthy of the gravity of the senate, that in the purchase of female ornaments the wealth of the state was irrecoverably given away to foreign and hostile nations^[1]. The annual loss is computed, by a writer of an inquisitive but censorious temper, at upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds sterling^[2]. Such was the style of discontent, brooding over the dark prospect of approaching poverty. And yet, if we compare the proportion between gold and silver, as it stood in the time of Pliny, and as it was fixed in the reign of Constantine, we shall discover within that period a very considerable increase^[3]. There is not the least reason to suppose that gold was become more scarce; it is therefore evident that silver was grown more common ; that whatever might be the amount of the Indian and Arabian exports, they were far from exhausting the wealth of the Roman world ; and that the produce of the mines abundantly supplied the demands of commerce.

General felicity Notwithstanding the propensity of mankind to exalt the past and depreciate the present, the tranquil and prosperous state of the empire was warmly felt, and honestly confessed, by the provincials as well as Romans. "They acknowledged, that the true principles of social life, laws, agriculture, and science, which had been first invented by the wisdom of Athens, were now firmly established by the power of Rome, under whose auspicious influence the fiercest barbarians were united by an equal government and common language. They affirm, that with the improvement of arts the human species was visibly multiplied. They celebrate the increasing splendour of the cities, the beautiful face

1. Tacit. Atinal. iii. 52. in a speech of Tiberius.
2. Plin. Hist. Natur. xii. 18. In another place he computes half that sum, Quingenties H. S. for India, exclusive of Arabia.
3. The proportion, which was one to ten, and twelve and one half, rose to fourteen and two fifths, the legal regulation of Constantine. See Arbutlinot's Tables of Ancient Coins, c. v.