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APPENDIX 491 that Rufinus misused the authority of Jerome's name to cover heretical doctrines of Origen. The most important works of Rufinus are his Ecclesiastical History in two Books, being a continuation of that of Eusebius, which he rendered into Latin ; and his history of Egyptian Anchorets. For the origin of monasticism the latter work is of considerable importance. Modern "Works. Besides those mentioned in the Appendices to vol. i. and ii. : H. Richter, Das westromische Reich, besonders unter den Kaisem Gratian, Valentinian II. und Maximus (375-388), 18G5 ; J. Ifland and A. Giildenpenning, der Kaiser Theodosius der Grosse, 1878 ; A. Giildenpenning, Geschichte des ostromischen Reiches unter den Kaisern Arcadius und Theodosius ii., 1885. V. Schultze, Geschichte des Untergangs des griechisch-romischen Heidentums, 1887. For the barbarian invasions and the Teutonic Kingdoms : Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, voL i. and ii. (ed. 2, 1892) ; F. Dahn, Konige der Germanen ; and the same writer's Urgeschichte der germanischen und romanischen Volker ; R. Pallmann's Geschichte der Volkerwandening ; E. von "Wietersheim's Ge- schichte der Volkerwanderung (ed. 2 by Dahn, 1880-1) ; Kopke's Anfange des Konigthums bei den Gothen. There are also special histories of the chief German invaders : I. Aschbach, Geschichte der Westgothen ; F. Papencordt's Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika ; C. Binding's Geschichte des burgundisch-romanischen Konigreichs. The work of Zeuss : Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme, is a most valuable storehouse of references. Special Monographs : on Stiiicho (cp. above, under Claudian) : R. Keller, Stilicho, 1884 ; Rosenstein, Alarich und Stiiicho, in Forsch. zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. 3, 1863 ; Vogt, Die politischen Bestrebungen Stilichos, 1870 ; on Chrysostom : F. Ludwig, Der heilige Johannes Chrys. in seinem Verhiiltniss zum byzantinischen Hof, 1883, and Rev. W. R. W. Stephens, Life and Times of John Chrysostom. (Others are referred to in the footnotes.) 2. PICTS AND SCOTS— (P. 42, 43) "Csesar tells us that the inhabitants of Britain in his day painted themselves with a dye extracted from wood ; by the time, however, of British independence under Carausius and Allectus, in the latter part of the third century, the fashion h id so far fallen off in Roman Britain that the word Picti, Picts, or painted men, had got to mean the peoples beyond the Northern "Wall, and the people on the fjolway were probably included under the same name, though they also went by the separate denomination of Atecotti. Now all these Picts were natives of Britain, and the word Picti is foimd applied to them for the first time in a panegjTic by Eumenius, in the year 296 ; but in the j-ear 360 another jjainted people appeared on the scene. They came from Ireland, and to distinguish these two sets of painted foes from one another Latin historians left the painted natives to be called Picti, as had been done before, and for the painted invaders from Ireland they retained, untranslated, a Celtic word of the same (or nearly the same) meaning, namely Scotti. Neither the Picts nor the Scotti probably owned these names, the former of which is to be traced to Roman authors, while the latter was probably given the invaders from Ireland by the Brythons, whose country they crossed the sea to ravage. The Scots, however, did recognize a national name, which described them as painted or tattooed men. . . . This word was Cruithnig, which is found applied equally to the painted people of both Islands. '"The portion of Ireland best known to history as Pictish was a pretty well defined district consisting of the present county of Antrim and most of that of Down. " (Professor Rh^s, Early Britain, p. 235 iqq.) But Professor Phil's now takes another view of Picti, which he regards not as Latin, but as native and connected with the Gallic Pictones. See Scottish Beview, July, 1891. Ammianus (278) divided the inhabitants of the North of Britain (the Picts) into two nations, the Dicalidonae and Verturiones. "Under the former name, which seems to mean the people of the two Caledonias, we appear to have to do with the Caledonias proper . . . while in later times the word Verturiones yielded in Goidelic the well-kno^vn name of the Brythons of the kingdom of