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526 APPENDIX jNIaiiua givoa a.d. 548 for the ik-ath of 'J'lieiulehert and a.d. 501 for the death of Chlotachar. We know from Gregory («) that thirt3-seven years elajwed between the death of Chlodwig and that of Theudebert, and (b) that Chlotachar died in the fifty-first year of his reign. These data combined point to a.d. 510 or 511 as the year of Cldodwig's death. The date subscribed to the acts of the Council of Orleans (Julj- 10, all), held when Chlodwig was still alive, jiroves that the latter is the true date. Modern Works. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vol. ii. for the last western emperors, vol. iii. for Odovacar, Theodoric, and events in Africa and Italy up to A.D. 535, vol. iv. for the Imperial Restoration. Ranke, Weltgeschichte, vol. iv. J. C. Manso, Geschichte des ost-gothischen Reiches in Italien (1824). Dahn, Konige der Germanen. R. Kopke, Die Anfiinge des Kfinigthums bei den Gothen. Papencordt, Geschichte der Vandalen. For the overthrow of the Vandals and Imjjerial settlement of Africa : C. Diehl, L'Afrique Byzantine (18!t(5). For oriental affairs : Rawlinson, Seventh Oriental Monarchy. For the economic .state of the empire under Justinian : Finlay, Hist, of Greece, vol. i. ]Monogra|jhs : Lord Mahon (afterwards Earl Stanliope), Life of lielisarius ; Hodgkin, Theodoric the Goth, 1891 ; Bryce, .Justinian (in the Dictionary of Christian Biograph}-) ; A. Debidour, L'imperatrice Thtiodora (1885) ; A. Rose, Anastasius I. (1882). On the military establishment of the Empire in Justinian's reign, C. Benjamin, De lustiniani imp. aetate tpiaestiones militares, 1892. Many others are referred to elsewhere in this volume. 2. ODOVACAR'S GRANT TO PIERIUS An interesting memorial of the administration of Odovacar survives in a deed of donation to his Count of Domestics, Pierius. The papj-rus document (dated at Ravenna in a.d. 480) is preserved in two jmrts, of which one is at Naples, the other at Vienna. It was published in 1805 in Marini's Papiri diplonuttiei, but the English reader will find it convenient to consult the text (with a clear exposition) in Hodgkin's Itali/ arul her Invaders, iii. note B. (p. 165 sqq. ). Odovacar granted his minister estates which were to yield an income amounting to the value of about £414. These estates were (1) in the territory of S3'racuse, (2) the island of Meleda on the Dalmatian coast. Pierius had already received these lands, but, as they only produced about £390, Odovacar completes in this document the promised revenue by adiling some small farms to the Syra- cusan estate, calculated to j-ield £24 9s. (so that Pierius gained an additional ':)». or % of a solidus). The document is not signed by Odovacar. It is probable, as Dahn observes (Kon. der Germanen, ii. 48), that he could not write. 3. THE ORIGIN OF MONASTICISM— (C. XXXVII.) For his account of the beginnings of monasticism in Eg^ypt, Gibbon has not given to the Abbot Pachomius his due place, and seems almost to regard him as merely a follower of Antony. Nor has he perhaps brought out with sufficient distinctness the contrast between the hermits and the monks. The best known authorities for the origin of Egyptian monasticism are Rufinus, Palladius, and Sozomen. But the accounts of these three writers are, for the most part, not independent. All three, as has been proved by the researches of Lucius and Amelineau, go back to common sources, — works which were written in the Coptic of Upper Egypt, but were jjrobably accessible in a Greek form before the year a.d. 400. The Historia Lausiaca of Palladius depends entirely on such sources for Upjjer Egypt ; but the account of the monks of Lower Egypt is based on the author's personal investigations as well as on literary (Coptic) sources. One of the most important of the sources of Palladius and Sozomen for the monastic foundations of tapper Egypt was the Coptic Life of the great founder