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252 THE DECLINE AND FALL caliphs, the political climate of Jerusalem was exposed to the vicissitudes of storms and sunshine."^ By the increase of prose- lytes and population, the Mahometans might excuse their usur- pation of three-fourths of the city ; but a peculiar quarter was reserved for the patriarch with his clergy and people ; a tribute of two pieces of gold was the price of protection ; and the sepul- chre of Christ, with the church of the ResuiTection, was still left in the hands of his votaries. Of these votaries, the most numerous and respectable portion were strangers to Jerusalem : the pil- grimages to the Holy Land had been stimulated, rather than suppressed, by the conquest of the Arabs ; and the enthusiasm which had always prompted these perilous journeys was nourished by the congenial passions of grief and indignation. A crowd of pilgrims from the East and West continued to visit the holy sepulchre and the adjacent sanctuaries, more especially at the festival at Easter ; and the Greeks and Latins, the Nestorians and Jacobites, the Copts and Abyssinians, the Armenians and Georgians, maintained the chapels, the clergy, and the poor of their respective communions. The harmony of prayer in so many various tongues, the worship of so many nations in the common temple of their religion, might have afforded a spectacle of edifi- cation and peace ; but the zeal of the Christian sects was em- bittered by hatred and revenge ; and in the kingdom of a suffering Messiah, who had pardoned his enemies, they aspired to command and persecute their spiritual brethren. The pre- eminence was asserted by the spirit and numbers of the Franks ; and the greatness of Charlemagne ^" protected both the Latin pilgrims, and the Catholics of the East. The poverty of Carthage, Alexandria, and Jerusalem was relieved by the alms of that pious emperor ; and many monasteries of Palestine were founded or re- stored by his liberal devotion. Harun Alrashid, the greatest of the Abbassides, esteemed in his Christian brother a similar su- premacy of genius and power ; their friendship was cemented by a frequent intercourse of gifts and embassies ; and the caliph, without resigning the substantial dominion, presented the em- ^ Secundum Dominoram dispositionem plerumque lucida plerumque nubila rece- pit intervalla, et segrotantis more temporum praesentium g^ravabatur aut respirabat qualitate (1. i. c. 3, p. 630). The Latinity of William of Tyre is by no means con- temptible ; but in his account of 490 years, from the loss to the recovery of Jerusa- lem, he exceeds the true account by thirty years. 'For the transactions of Charlemagne with the Holy Land, see Eginhard (de Viti Caroli Magni, c. 16, p. 79-82), Constantine Porphyrogenitus (de Administra- tione Imperii, 1, ii. c. 26, p. 80), and Pagi (Critica, torn, iii. A.D. 800, No. 13, 14, 15)-