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INDEX 465 Demetrius, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201 Demetrius, brother of John VII. : re- fused to sign Act of Union, 127 Derrybeys : meaning of the term, 222 Dervish sects : character of their religion, 171 n. Dieclo, Alexis (Aloysius), naval officer : in the great siege, 220 sq. ; admiral of the fleet, 250 ; defence of boom against Turks, 291; escaped, with his galleys and some Venetian refugees, 369 Dnieper, the : the commerce of, 23 Dolma Bagtche, palace of, 233 Documents relating to siege of Con- stantinople unknown to Gibbon, xiii sq. Double Columns (Diplokionion), the, 233, 291 Double Procession, the : discussions on, at Florence, 125 sq. Drakul, prince of Wallachia, 164, 170 Dromon : meaning of the word as applied to ships, 235 Ducas, John, Emperor (of Nicaea, 1258-60 : a boy ; successor of Theo- dore Lascaris II.), 16 Egypt, sultan of (known to Crusaders as sultan of Babylon), 60 Elephants employed in battle by Timour, 143 Elias Pasha, abettor of Mustafa, 115 n., 154 Elizabeth, mother of young king Ladislaus : her successful resistance of Murad II. in Hungary, 157 Emperor : the title assumed by rulers of Trebizond and Nicaea, 5 England : destructiveness of Black Death in (1348), 190 n., 191 Epirus, 5, 7 ; the despot of, 8 sq. Erasmus : promoted study of Greek, 410 Ertogrul (or Orthogrul), father of Othman or Osman, the founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60 Eugenius IV,. Pope, great struggle for Union of the Churches, 120 sqq. ; summons Western princes to help the empire, 129 ; preaches a new Crusade (1428 and 1442), 157, 159 ; said to have approved violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163 ; encouraged study of Greek, 406 Eugenius, Tower of, 221 . Europe, Eastern : its gigantio struggle in fifteenth century against hordes of Asia, Turks and Tartars, 132 Eyoub, standard-bearer of the Prophet, 230 Ferrara, Council of (for Union, trans- ferred from Bale, 1437), 123; out- break of plague ; Council transf erred to Florence, 125 Firelocks or fusils (throwing leaden balls) : used by the Turks in siege, 269, 325 Flatanelas, an imperial naval com- mander, 258 ; gallant conduct in battle with Baltoglu, 263 sq. Florence, Council of (for Union, trans- ferred from Bale, 1439) : the chief representatives on both sides, 125 ; the subjects of discussion, 125 sq. ; Union signed, 127 ; analysis of opinions represented in the Council, ib. Foscari, doge of Venice (1451), 203 Foss, the, from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238 ; still in good condition, 239 ; its dams, 240 ; attack on, from the ' bastion,' 293 sq. Francisco of Toledo, Don : with Con- stantine in final assault, 350 Franco, standard-bearer at Varna r 167 sq. Frederic, Emperor : his excommuni- cation (1245), 15 sq. Frederic, King of Sicily (1313), 40 sq. Frenchmen among fighting men of the Latins, 19 n. Fustae (vessels), description of, 234 Galata, a village near Varna, 165 Galata of Pera (the Genoese colony), 237, 243 ; its surrender to Mahomet II., 370 sqq. Galata, Tower of (formerly called Tower of Christ), 221, 281, 371 Galley: its meaning in fifteenth century, 235 Gates of Constantinople : Adrianople, 236, 239 sq., 243 sq., 343 ; Caligaria (now called Egri Capou or Crooked Gate), 249, 332 ; Chariseus, 293 n. ; Civil Gates, 243 ; Cresu (probably Chariseus or Adrianople Gate), 24& n. ; Golden, 19 n., 73, 114, 130 n., 133 ; Hedjoum Capou (' Gate of the- Assault '), 240, 310 ; Horaia, 250, 360,363 ; Kerkoporta (Porta Xylo- kerkou) : the results of its postern gate being neglected, 342 sqq., 351 ; H U