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INDEX 467 glu, 322, 325 ; failure of his fleet's operations, 359 ; destroyed Greek ships at Galata, 370 Harmanli, battle of : Serbians and Bulgarians defeated by Turks (1371), 105 Hassan, a gigantic Janissary, 348 Helepoles : Greek name for cannon, 293 Henry, Emperor (Latin, 1205-16: brother and successor of Baldwin, 7 sqq. Henry HI. (England), 11 Henry IV. (England) : refused aid to Manuel, 112 Heraclia, Bishop : his rejection of Union, 127 sq. Hexamilion, rampart of, 172 Hieron : question of its situation, 164 n Hilarion, a valiant monk, 63 Histodake (in a trireme) : its use, 234 Holy Apostles, church of the : pre- sented by Mahomet to patriarch Gennadius, 384 Holy Cross, Tower of, 371 Holy Gates, the (in a Greek church), 36 Honorius III., Pope, 9 Houlagou, grandson of Genghis Khan : his ravages in Asia Minor, 53 ; married Prester John's grand- daughter, 55 ; men of various religions in his army, 55 Hungary : king of (1318), 40 ; a great host of Tartars there, 64 ; in com- munication with Mahomet II., 311 n., 312 Hunyadi, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania : in chief command of combined forces against Murad II., 159 ; his previous successful operations against Turks, ib. ; his victory at Slivnitza (1443), 160; the treaty of Szegedin : not signed by Hunyadi, 161 ; he reluctantly consents to its violation, 163 ; battle of Varna, 164 sqq. ; com- plete defeat of Christians, 170 ; again • defeated, at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 sq. ; Hunyadi's loss of reputation, 175 ; made a truce with Mahomet II., 213; nicknamed ♦ Black John ' by Turks, 228 ; the price he demanded for aid to the emperor in the great siege, 268 n. ; no aid came from him, ib. ; in com- munication with Mahomet II., 312 ; his agents said to have instructed Turks in use of great bombard, ib. Ibrahim Bey : his revolt against Mahomet II., 211 sq. Iconostasis, the (in a Greek church), 36 n. Impalement of captives : practised by Turks, 253 Innocent III., Pope, 1, 6 ; foretold the • evil effects of the capture of Con- stantinople by Crusaders, 20, 30, 49 Innocent V., Pope : sent preaching friars to Constantinople, 35 Innocent VI., Pope : relations, about Union, with John V., 90 Irade (Turkish edict) issued by Mahomet II., 315 Isa, son of Bajazed, 143 sq., 149 Isaac, Emperor, 4 Isaac Pasha, vizier of Mahomet II., 209 ; head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243, 325 Isidore, metropolitan of Bussia, 125 ; made Cardinal by Eugenius IV., 128 ; legate of Nicholas V. at Con- stantinople, 203, 220 ; took part in defence at the great siege, 250 ; his fate after the capture, 374 Isidore, patriarch, 75 Iskender Bey (i.e. Alexander Bey = George Castriotes ; also known as Scanderbeg), an Albanian leader, 158 ; in possession of Albania and Macedonia, 161 ; prevented from joining Ladislaus against Murad II., 103 ; Iskender's origin, 172 ; his capture of Croya, 172 so. ; in the battle of Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 sq.; twice repels Murad' s attempts to recapture Croya, 202 ; siege of Sventigrad : losses of Turks, ib. Islam : growth of its influence, 102 ; its character as a religoin, 209 n. Islands, Greek : surrender of, to Mahomet, 381 Ismail of Sinope : endeavours to persuade Greeks to surrender on terms, 317 Ismidt, Gulf of : Turks build a fortress on (3395), 110 Italians ; the number who took part in defence of Constantinople (1453), 247 ; their chivalrous conduct, 248 Jacoub : strangled by his brother, Bajazed, 133 Jagarus : supposed repairer of walls of the city : embezzled the money, 242 Janissaries, 103 ; fought at battle of Nicopolis, 135; at Angora (1402), 144; at battle of Varna, 167; at H H 2