Page:Devon and Cornwall Queries Vol 9 1917.djvu/150

114 Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries. As regards unmarked pipes, I find a very prevalent type in Exeter which is of slighter make than that of Topsham, possessing the abnormal " forehead " but not the well developed " heel." The type prevailing in the Plymouth district has the "heel" but not the "forehead," the bowl being curiously constructed towards the top. I do not think, as many do, that the size of, or the thick- ness of the stem, always decides the age of a pipe. But I am of opinion that the flat " heel " (never revived in clay) is a sure proof of the antiquity of a pipe. The bowls are large in districts where Dutch trade pre- dominated, as at Barnstaple, Topsham, Bridport, Hull, Bridgwater, etc., whereas where the trade inclined to America they were small, sometimes abnormally so, as at Bristol, Keynsham, and the Midlands. I have an example from the Cathedral Yard, of which the inside diameter of the bowl is five-sixteenths of an inch, the outside greatest diameter half an inch, and it stands three-quarters of an inch from " heel " to brim. An ordinary cedar pencil cannot be in- r^;uiii< c(fkri^ •^ serted into thjs_bowL_Trhis specimen is smaller than one fr(J1^ U^ ^U)ref_ pTound by Mr. Betts^Tn^t-hg- stair o of No. i, South ciiBhay ^j;r.tC'S,( ^r-^;^;t^r-^:;^^ and was i-oail/'^f-kBiiLf^ ^doubtless imported. ' '^i'y ^-^l l^f4-i^<'^5.p./irv ) ><il^c€ ^^cu^^*) J As regards pipes with large bowls, these were adapted to the " mundungus," or common tobacco (similar to Boer tobacco) then grown in Gloucestershire and elsewhere; also for the then fashionable Dutch Varinas. The clay used was no doubt taken from the Teign Valley, and there is an absence of the nodules of stone so frequent in the old Midland pipes. The ancient Dutch pipes [c. 1600) are of the same shape as the old Devon pipes, as can be seen in the paintings of the old masters (Teniers, etc.), which is not surprising, as they were made with English moulds. To correctly delineate the shape of a pipe place it on a block an inch high over paper with gaslight twenty inches directly above, and trace the shadow. The sketch may be finished when the pipe is removed and the place of origin and mark, if any, added. I have about three hundred done in this manner.