Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 1.djvu/830

sia C0ELESTIU3. 4'23, and retained this dignity until his death, in the month of July, 432. He was distinguished by the activity which he displayed in seconding the exertions of Cyril for procuring the deposition of Nestorius and the condemnation of his doctrines at the council of Ephesus in 431, and by the earnest- ness with which he strove to root out the Senii- pelagianism of Cassianus [Cassianus] from Gaul, Italy, and Britain. We must not omit to observe, that during this pontificate the jurisdiction of the lloman see was formally disowned by the clergy of Africa, who refused to admit the right of any transmarine ecclesiastic to interfere with the pro- ceedings or alter the decrees of their synods. Ac- cording to Prosper, Palladius, the first bishop of Scotland, which probably means Ireland, was con- secrated by Coelestinus. Sixteen Epistles of Coelestinus are extant, and being chiefly of an official character, are considered of importance by the students of church history; The whole series is given in the " Epistolae Pon- tificum Romanorura," published by Constant, Paris, fol. 17-21 (vol. i. pp. 1051—12-28), in the great work of Galland (vol. ix. p. 287), and in all the larger collections of councils. [W. R.] COELE'STIUS, the friend, associate, and par- tisan of Pelagius, whose followers were hence termed indifferently Pelagians or Coeleslians, is be- lieved from an expression used by Prosper to have been born in Campania, although others maintain that he was a native of Ireland or of Scotland. He commenced his career as an advocate {audito- rialis scholasticus), but in early life, in consequence perhaps of bodily deformity, became a monk, and in A. D. 409 accompanied Pelagius to Carthage. Here he soon excited the suspicions of the restless ecclesiastics of that province, and was impeached of heresy before the council held in 412. Having been found guilty and excommunicated, he pre- pared to appeal to Pope Innocent against the sen- tence i but, feeling probably that success was hope- less before such a judge, refrained from prosecuting the matter farther for the time being, and retired to Ephesus, where he was raised to the rank of presbyter, and passed five years in tranquillity. From thence, about the year 417, he passed over to Constiuitinople, but being speedily driven out of that city by Atticus, the enemy and supplanter of Chrysostom, he betook himself to Rome, and laying his whole case before Zosimus, the successor of Innocent, demanded that the allegations of his enemies should be fairly examined, and at the same time presented in writing a statement of the articles of his faith. After a full and formal hear- ing before all the bishops and clergy then present in Rome, the council of Carthage was rebuked for precipitation and want of cliarity, their decree was reversed, and Coelestius was reinstated in all his privileges, to the great indignation of the African prelates, who passed a solemn resolution adhering to their first judgment; and fearing that these proceedings would tend to promote the extension of Pelagian doctrines, applied for relief to the im- perial court. Accordingly St. Auguslin obtained from Honorius an edict, published on the 30th of April, 4 18, banishing Coelestius, Pelagius, and their followers, from Rome and from the whole of the Roman dominions. Notwithstanding these strong measures, it would appear that Coelestius contrived to keep his ground, for similar denunciations were issued by Coustantius (421) and Pope Coelestinus, COENUS. and about 429 we find him expelled from Constan- tinople by a proclamation of Theodosius, granted in compliance with the solicitations of Marius Mercator. [Mercator.] Coelestius is mentioned in the Acts of the Council of Rome held in 430, but from that time his name disappears from eccle- siastical history, and the close of his life is unknown. Coelestius was younger than Pelagius, and ap- pears to have possessed a more bold, enthusiastic, and enterprising temperament than his master, and to have displayed more zeal and energy in the propagation and defence of their peculiar tenets, while he at the same time, with great acuteness, verbal subtlety, and dialectic skill, sought to establish these principles by metaphysical and a priori reasoning, rather than by induction from the observed habits of mankind. [Augustinus; Pklagius; Zosimus.] While still a j'oung man, before he had em- braced the views of Pelagius, Coelestius composed in his monastery three Epistolae on moral subjects, addressed to his parents. These were followed by Contra Traducem Peccati, on the origin, propaga- tion, and transmission of sin, published, apparently, before the commentary of Pelagius on the Romans. Augustin, in his De Perfectione Jtistitiae^ replies to a work which he believes to have proceeded from Coelestius, entitled, it would seem, Dcfitii- iiones, or perhaps Ratiocinatioiies, containing six- teen propositions to prove that man may be without sin. The Libellus Fidei, or Confession of Faith, presented to Zosimus, is known to us from the treatise of Augustin, De Peccato Originali^ out of which Gamier has essayed to extract the original document in its perfect form. Finally, Augustin, De gestis Palaestinis (13, 14), quotes from several chapters of a piece by Coelestius, without, however, giving it a name. After his banishment from Rome, he addressed Epistles to his adherents ; and, in like manner, when driven from Constanti- nople, he wrote to Nestorius, whose reply is still extant. Of the above compositions none exist in an entire shape; but, a considerable portion, if not the whole, of the Ratiocinationcs and the Libellus Fidei^ as noticed above, may be extracted from the replies of Augustin. For the best account of the life and the most complete collection of the fragments of Coelestius, we are indebted to the Jesuit Gamier, in the dis- sertations prefixed to his edition of the works of Marius Mercator, Paris, fol. 1673. [W.R.] COELIOMONTA'NUS. [Caeliomontanus.] COE'LIUS. [Caelius.] COENUS {Ko'iuos a son of Polemocrates and son-in-law of Parmenion, was one of the ablest and most faithful generals of Alexander tlie Great in his eastern expedition. In the autumn of b. c. 334, when Alexander was in Caria, and sent those of his soldiers who had been recently married, to Macedonia, to spend the ensuing winter with their wives there, Coenus was one of the commanders who led them back to Europe. In the spring of the year following, Coenus returned with the Macedonians, and joined Alexander at Gordium. He commanded a portion of Alexander's army, and distinguished himself on various occasions. When Alexander had arrived at the river Hypha- sis, and was anxious to push his conquests still further, Coenus was the first who had the boldness strongly to urge the necessity of returning, and