especially to the management of fruit trees he was deeply indebted to Gargilius Martialis; various recipes are extracted from the Greeks consulted by the compilers of the " Geoponica," and the chap- ters connected with architectural details are mere compendiums of Vitruvius. Palladius seems to have been very popular in the middle ages, a fact established by the great variety of readings afforded by different MSS., since these discrepancies prove that the text must have been very frequently transcribed, and by the circumstance that nearly the whole of the treatise is to be found included in the well-known "Speculum" of Vincentius of Beauvais. The name, as given at the head of this article, appears at full length both at the beginning and at the end of the Vatican Codices.
Palladius was first printed by Jenson in the "Rei Rusticae Scriptores," fol. Venet. 1472, and from that time forward was included in nearly all the collections of writers upon agricultural topics. TJie best editions are those contained in the " Scrip- tores Rei Rusticae veteres Latini " of Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, reprinted with additions and corrections by Emesti in 1773, and in the " Scrip- tores Rei Rusticae " of Schneider, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1794, in which the text underwent a complete revision, and appears under a greatly amended form.
There are translations into English by Thomas Owen, 8vo. London 1 803, into German along with Columella by Mains, fol. Magdeb. 1612, into French by Jean Darces, 8vo. Paris, 1553, into Italian by Marino, 4to. Sien. 1526, by Nicolo di Aristotile detto Zoppino, 4to. Vineg. 1528, by San- sovino, 4to. Vineg. 1560, and by Zanotti, 4to. Veron. 1810. [W. R.]
PALLA'NTIA, a daughter of Evander, was beloved by Heracles, and said to be buried on the Palatine hill at Rome, which derived its name from her. (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 51.) Evander him- self, being a grandson of Pallas, is also called Pal- laiicius. (Ov. Fast. v. 647.) [L. S.]
PALLA'NTIAS, a patronymic by which Aurora, the daughter of the giant Pallas, is some- times designated. (Ov. Met. iv. 373, vi. 567, ix. 420.) Pallantias also occurs as a variation for Pallas, the surname of Athena. (Anthol Palat. vi. 247.) [L. S.]
PALLAS ((
Greek characters)). 1. A son of Crius and
Eurybia, was one of the Titans, and brother of
Astraeus and Perses. He was married to Styx,
by whom he became the father of Zelus, Cratos,
Bia, and Nice. (Hes. Theoq. 376, 383 ; Pans. vii.
26. § 5, viii. 18, § 1 ; Apollod. i. 2. §§ 2, 4.)
2. A son of Megamedes, and father of Selene. (Hom. Hymn. in Merc. 100.)
3. A giant, who, in the fight with the gods, was slain by Athena, and flayed by her. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2.)
4. A son of Lycaon, and grandfather of Evander, is said to have founded the town of Pallantium in Arcadia, where statues were erected both to Pallas and Evander. (Pans. viii. 3. § 1, 44. § 5.) Servius {ad Aen. viii. 54) calls him a son of Aegeus, and states that being expelled by his brother Theseus, he emigrated into Arcadia; and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (L 33) confounds him with Pallas, the son of Crius.
5. According to some traditions, the father of Athena, who slew him as he was on the point of violating her. (Cic. De Nat. Deor. iii. 23 ; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 355.)
6. A son of Heracles by Dyna, the daughter of Evander ; from her some derived the name of the Palatine hill at Rome. (Dionys. i. 32.)
7. A son of Evander, and an ally of Aeneas, was slain by the Rutulian Turnus. (Virg. Aen. viiL 104, 514, xi. 140, &c.)
8. A son of the Athenian king Pandion, and accordingly a brother of Aegeus, Nisus, and Lycus, was slain by Theseus. The celebrated family of the Pallantidae at Athens traced their origin up to this Pallas. (Apollod. iii. 15. § 5 ; Pans. i. 22. § 2, 28. § 10 ; Plut. Thes. 3 ; Eurip. Hippol. 35.) [L. S.]
PALLAS ((Greek characters)), a surname of Athena. In
Homer this name always appears united with the
name Athena, as (Greek characters) or (Greek characters); but in later writers we also find Pallas alone
instead of Athena. (Pind. Ol. v. 21.) Plato (Cratyl. p. 406) derives the surname from (Greek characters), to
brandish, in reference to the goddess brandishing
the spear or aegis, whereas Apollodorus (i 6. § 2)
derives it from the giant Palhis, who was slain by
Athena. But it is more probable that Pallas is
the same word as (Greek characters), i. e. a virgin or maiden.
(Comp. Tzetz. ad Lyc. 355.) Another female
Pallas, described as a daughter of Triton, is mentioned under Palladium.
[L. S.]
PALLAS, a freedman of the emperor Claudius, and one of his greatest favourites. He was originally the slave of Antonia, the mother of Claudius, and is first mentioned in A.D. 31, when Antonia entrusted to him the responsible commission of carrying a letter to the emperor Tiberius, in which she disclosed the ambitious projects of Sejanus, and in consequence of which the all-powerful minister was put to death. (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 7. § 6). The name of Pallas does not occur during the reign of Caligula, but on the accession of Claudius, whose property he had become by the death of Antonia, and who had meantime manumitted him, he played an important part in public affairs. Along with Narcissus and Callistus, two other freedmen, he administered the affairs of the empire, but Narcissus had more energy and resolution than the other two, and consequently took the leading part in the government during the early part of Claudius' reign. When they saw that the death of Messalina, the wife of the emperor, was necessary to their own security, Narcissus alone had the courage to carry it into execution [Narcissus]; Pallas was afraid to take any decisive step. The consequence was, that after the execution of the empress, the influence of Narcissus became superior to that of Callistus and Pallas, but the latter soon recovered his former power. The question now was, whom the weak-minded emperor should marry, and each of the three freedmen had a different person to propose. Pallas was fortunate enough to advocate the claims of Agrippina, who actually admitted the freedman to her embraces in order to purchase his support; and upon the marriage of Agrippina to the emperor in A.D. 50, Pallas shared in the good fortune of his candidate. He was now leagued with the empress in order to oppose Narcissus ; and Pallas and Agrippina became the real rulers of the Roman world. It was Pallas who persuaded Claudius to adopt the young Domitius (afterwards the emperor Nero), the son of Agrippina, and he thus paved the way for his accession to the throne. This important service did not go unrewarded. In A.D.
