Ionian Gulf, the sea without that entrance, previously known as the Ionian or Sicilian, came to be called the Adriatic Sea. The beginning of this alteration may already be found in Strabo, who speaks of the Ionian Gulf as a part of the Adriatic: but it is found fully developed in Ptolemy, who makes the promontory of Garganus the limit between the Adriatic Gulf (δ Άδρίας κόλπος) and the Ionian Sea (τό Ίώνιον πέλαγος), while he calls the sea which bathes the eastern shores of Bruttium and Sicily, the Adriatic Sea (τό Άδρίατικόν πέλαγος): and although the later geographers, Dionyaus Periegetes and Agathemerus, apply the name of the Adriatic within the same limits as Strabo, the common usage of historians and other writers under the Roman Empire is in conformity with that of Ptolemy. Thus we find them almost uniformly speaking of the Ionian Gulf for the lower part of the modern Adriatic: while the name of the latter had so completely superseded the original appellation of the Ionian Sea for that which bathes the western shores of Greece, that Philostratus speaks of the isthmus of Corinth as separating the Aegaean Sea from the Adriatic. And at a still later period we find Procopius and Orosius still further extending the appellation as far
as Crete on the one side, and Malta on the other. (Ptol. iii. 1. §§ 1, 10, 14, 17, 26, 4. §§ 1, 8; Dionys. Per. 92 — 94, 380, 481; Agathemer. i. 3, ii.
14; Appian, Syr. 63, B. C. ii. 39, iii. 9, v. 65; Dion Cass. xli. 44, xiv. 3; Herodian. viii. 1; Philostr. Imagg. ii. 16; Pausan. v. 25. § 3, viii. 54. § 3; Hieronym. Ep. 86; Procop. B. G. i. 15, iii. 40, iv. 6, B. V. i. 13, 14, 23; Oros. i. 2.) Concerning the various fluctuations and changes in the application and signification of the name, see Larcher's Notes on Herodotus (vol. i. p. 157, Eng. transl.), and Letronne (Recherches sur Dicuil. p. 170 — 218), who has, however, carried to an extreme extent the distinctions he attempts to establish. The general form of the Adriatic Sea was well known to the ancients, at least in the time of Strabo, who correctly describes it as long and narrow, extending towards the NW., and corresponding in its general dimensions with the part of Italy to which it is parallel, from the Iapygian promontory to the mouths of the Padus. He also gives its greatest breadth pretty correctly at about 1200 stadia, but much overstates its length at 6000 stadia. Agathemerus, on the contrary, while he agrees with Strabo as to the breadth, assigns it only 3000 stadia in length, which is as much below the truth, as Strabo exceeds
it. (Strab. ii. p. 123, v. p. 211; Agathemer. 14.) The Greeks appear to have at first regarded the neighbourhood of Adria and the mouths of the Padus as the head or inmost recess of the gulf, but Strabo and Ptolemy more justly place its extremity at the gulf near Aquileia and the mouth of the Tilavemptus (Tagliamento). (Strab. ii. p. 123, iv. p. 206; Ptol. iii. 1. §§ 1, 26.)
The navigation of the Adriatic was much dreaded on account of the frequent and sudden storms to which it was subject: its evil character on this account is repeatedly alluded to by Horace. (Carm. i. 3. 15, 33. 15, ii. 14. 14, iii. 9. 23, &c.)
There is no doubt that the name of the Adriatic was derived from the Etruscan city of Adria or Atria, near the mouths of the Padus. Livy, Pliny, and Strabo, all concur in this statement, as well as in extolling the ancient power and commercial influence of that city [Adria 1.], and it is probably only by a confusion between the two cities of
ADULA MONS.
the same name, that some later writers have derived the appellation of the sea from Adria in Picenum, which was situated at some distance from the coasts and is not known to have been a place of any importance in early times.
ADRUS (Albaragena), a river of Hispania Lusitanica, flowing from the N. into the Anas (Guadiana) opposite to Badajoz (Itin. Ant. p. 418; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, pp. 289—392). [ P. S. ]
ADUA'TICA or ADUATUCA, a castellum or fortified place mentioned by Caesar (B. G. vi. 32) as situated about the centre of the country of the Eburones, the greater part of which country lay between the Mosa (Maas) and the Rhenus. There is no further indication of its position in Caesar. Q. Cicero, who was posted here with a legion in B.C. 53, sustained and repelled a sudden attack of the Sigambri (B. G. vi. 35, &c.), in the same camp in which Titurius and Aurunculeins had wintered in
B.C. 54 (B. G. v. 26). If it be the same place as the Aduaca Tungrorum of the Antonine Itinerary, it is the modern Tongern in the Belgian province of Limburg, where there are remains of old walls, and many antiquities. Though only a castellum or temporary fort in Caesar's time, the place is likely enough to have been the site of a larger town at a later date. [ G. L. ]
ADUA'TICI (Άτουατικοί, Dion Cass.), a people of Belgic Gaul, the neighbours of the Eburones and Nervii. They were the descendants of 6000 Cimbri and Teutones, who were left behind by the rest of these barbarians on their march to Italy, for the purpose of looking after the baggage which their comrades could not conveniently take with them. After the defeat of the Cimbri and Teutones, near Aix by C. Marius (B.C. 102), and again in the north of Italy, these 6000 men maintained themselves in the country. (Caes. B. G. ii. 29.) Their head quarters were a strong natural position on a steep elevation, to which there was only one approach. Caesar does not give the place a name, and no indication of its site. D'Anville supposes that it is Falais on the Mehaigne. The tract occupied by the Aduatici appears to be in South Brabant. When their strong position was taken by Caesar, 4000 of the Aduatici perished, and 53,000 were sold for slaves. (B. G. ii. 33.) [ G. L. ]
ADU'LA MONS (δ Άδούλας. the name given to a particular group of the Alps, in which, according to the repeated statement of Strabo, both the Rhine and the Addua take their rise, the one flowing northwards, the other southward into the Larian Lake. This view is not however correct, the real source of the Addua being in the glaciers of the Rhaetian Alps, at the head of the Valtelline, while both branches of the Rhine rise much farther to the W. It is probable that Strabo considered the river which descends from the Splügen to the head of the lake of Como (and which flows from N. to S.) as the true Addua, overlooking the greatly superior magnitude of that which comes down from the Valtelline. The sources of this river are in fact not far from those of the branch of the Rhine now called the Hinter Rhein, and which, having the more direct course from S. to N., was probably regarded by the ancients as the true origin of the river. Mt. Adula would thus signify the lofty mountain group about the passes of the Splügen and S. Bernardino, and at the head of the valley of the Hinter Rhein, rather than the Mt. St. Gothard, as supposed by most
