CAESIA. (rul FariL xvi. 27) is the only notice of it that oc- curs in history until a very late period; but after the fall of the Western Emjiire it is frequently men- tioned as a strong fortress, and plays no unimportant part in the wars of the Gotlis with the generals of Justinian. (Procop. B. G. i. I, ii. 11, 19, 29, ili. 6.) It appears, however, to have been a fioarishing mu- nicipal town under the Roman em^nre, and was noted for the excellence of its wines, which were among the most highly esteemed that were produced in Northern Italy ; a reputation which they still retain at the present day. (Plin. xiv. 6.) It is distin- guished in the Itin. Ant. (p. 286) by the epithet
- Curva," but the origin of this is miknown. The
modem city of Cegena is a considerable place, with a population of 15,000 inhabitants. [E. H. B.] CAE'SL SILVA, one of the great forests of Germany, between Vetera and the country of the Marsi, that is, the heights extending between the rirers Zrtj^pe and Ys9el as far as Coeafdd. (Tacit. Annal i. 50.) [L. S.J CAE'TOBRIX (Ka«T<Jffpi|, Ptol. ii. 5. § 3), CA- TOBRrOA (/^ Ant. p. 417), CETOBRIGA (^Geog. Rao. iv. 23), a citf of Lusitania, belonging to the I'urdetani, on the road from Olisipo to Eme- rita, 12 M. P. E. of Equabona. It appears to cor- respond to the ruins on the promontory called Troye, opposite to Setubal, E. of the mouth of the Tagus (Nonius, c 38 ; Mentelle, Gtog, Comp. Portug. p. 87; Ukcrt, vol. ii. pt 1. p. 390). [P. S.] CAI'CUS-(K<tocoy), a river of Mysia (Herod..vi. 28; vii. 42), first mentioned by Hesiod {Theog. 343), who, as well as the other poets, fixes the quan- tity of the penultimate syllable: Saxosumque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Gaicus. Virg. Gtorg. iv. 370. Strabo (p. 616) says that the sources of the Oaicus are in a plain, which plain is separated by the range of Temnus from the plain of Apia, and that the plain of Apia lies above the plain of Thebe in the interior. He adds, there also flows from Temnus a river Mysios, which joins the Caicus below its source. The Gaicus enters the sea 30 stadia from Pitane, and soath of the Gaicus is Elaea, 12 stadia from the river: Elaea was the port of Pergamum, which was on the Gaicus, 120 stadia from Ehtea. (Strab. p. 615.) At the source of the Gaicus, according to Strabo, was a place called Ger- gitlia. The course of this river is not well known ; nor is it easy to assign the proper names to the branches laid down in the ordinary maps. The modem name of the Gaicus is said to be Aksu or Bakir. Leake (^A$%a Minor, p. 269) infers from the direction of L. Sdpio's march (Liv. xxxvii. 37) from Troy to the Uyrcanian plain, that the north-eastern branch of the river of Bergma (Pergamum) which flows by Mendaria (Gergitha?) and Balikesri (Cne- sareia) is that which was anciently called Gaicus;'* and he makes the Mysius join it on the right h&iik. He adds " of the name of the southem branch (which is represented in our maps) I have not found any trace in extant history." The Gaicus as it seems is formed by two streams which meet between 30 and 40 miles above its mouth, and it drains an ex- tensive and fertile country. Gramer (^Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 135) misinterprets Strabo when he says that the plains watered by the Gaicus were at a very early period called Teuthrania. It is smgular that the valley of the Gaicus has not been more completely Qxamined. [G. L.] CAIETA. 471 CAIETA (Kou^ny, Gaietanus : Gaeta), a town of Latium on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Tarracina and Formiae, celebrated for the excellenco of its port. It was situated on a projecting headland or promontory which advances to some distance into the sea, opposite to the city of Formiae, and forms the northern extremity of the extensive bay anciently called the Sinus Gaietanus, and still known as the Golfo di Gaeta. The remarkable headland on which it stood, with the subjacent port, could not &il to be noticed from very early times; and it was generally reported that Aeneas had touched there on hb voyage to Latium, and that it derived its name from its being the burial-place of his nurse Gaieta. (Virg. ^ en. vii. 1 ; Ovid. Met xiv. 443 ; Stat. Silv. i. 3. 87; Mart V. 1. 5, x. 30.8; Solin.2. § 13.) Another and perhaps an earlier legend connected it with the voyage of the Argonauts, and asserted the name to have been originally Al-frniSj finm Aeetes, the father of Medea. (Lycophr. Akx. 1274 ; Diod. iv. 56.) Strabo derives the name from a Laconian word, Koucras or KaidraSj signifying a hollow, on account of the caverns which abounded in the neighbouring rocks (v. p. 233). Whatever be the origin of the name, the port seems to have been frequented from very early times, and continued to be a place of great trade in the days of Gicero, who calls it " portus celeberrimus et plenLssimtis navium;" from which very circumstance it was one of those that had been recently attacked and plundered by the Gilician pirates. (Pro leg. Manil. 12.) Florusalso(i. 16) speaks of the nc^le ports of Gaieta and Miscnum ; but the totcn of the name seems to have been an inconsiderable place, and it may be doubted whether it possessed separate municipal privil^es, at least previous to the time of Antoninus Pius, who added new works on a great scale to its port, and appears to have much improved the town itself. (Capit. Ant. Pius, 8; the inscription cited by Pratilli, Via Appia, ii. 4, p. 144, in confirmation of this, is of doubtfiiil authenticity.) It was not till after the destruction of Formiae by the Saracens in the 9th century that Gaeta rose to its present distinction, and became under the Normans one of the most con- siderable cities in the Neapolitan dominions. The beautiful bay between Gaieta and Formiae early became a favourite place of resort with the Romans, and was studded with numerous villas. The greater part of these were on its northern shore, near Formiae; but the whole distance from thence to Gaieta (about 4 miles) was gradually occupied in this manner, and many splendid villas arose on the headland itself and the adjoining isthmus. Among others, we are told that Scipio Africanus and Lae- lius were in the habit of retiring there, and amusing their leisure with picking up shells on the beach. (Gic. de Or. ii. 6; Val. Max. viii. 8. 1.) Gicero repeatedly alludes to it as the port nearest to For- miae; it was here that he had a ship waiting ready for flight during the civil war of Gaesar and Pompey u. c. 49, and it was here also that he landed imme- diately before his death, in order to take shelter in his Formian villa. Some late writers, indeed, say that he was put to death at Gaieta; but this ap- pears to arise merely from a confusion between that place and the neighboming Formiae. (Gic. ad Att, i. 3, 4, viii. 3; Plut. Cic. 47; Appian, B. C. iv. 19, and Schweigh. ad loc. ; Val. Max. i. 4. § 5 ; Seneo. Suasor. 6.) At a later period the emperor Anto- ninus Pius had a villa here, where also the younger Faustina spent much of her time. (Gapit AnL u II 4
