496 CAMPANIA. Pompeii, Stabias, and Subbkhtcm; beudes which we find mention of Retina, now ResmOf at the foot of Mt Vesoviiu (Plin. Ep, tL 16), and Aeqna, still called Equa, a village near Vieo, aboat half way between Stabiae and Sairentnm. (SiL Ital. ▼. 464.) Neither of these two Uwt places imnked as towns; they were included among the popoloos villages or vici that lined the shoras ^ this beaatiful baj, the names of most of which are lost to us. 2. In the interior of the province, N. of the Vul- tomus were: Venafbum in the upper valley of the Voltumus, the most northerly dty of Campania, bordering on I^atium and Samninm ; Tbanum at the foot of the mountains of the Sidicini and Aurund; SuiSflSA on Hbe opposite slope <^ the same group, and Cales on the Via Latina between Teanum and CasilinuDL In the same district must be placed Trebula, probably near the foot of Mens Calli-* cula, and Fobum Popiui, also of uncertain site. Urban A, where Sulla had established a colony, lay on the Appian Way between Sinueesa and Casi- linnm ; and Caedia, a mere village incidentally mentioned by Pliny (xiv. 6. s. 8), on the same road, 6 miles from Sinoessa. Aurumca, the ancient capital of the people of that name, had ceased to exist at a very early period. 3. S. of the Vultnmus were Casiuiium (im- mediately ou that river), Capua, Calatla, Atblla, AcERRAE, SuEBSULA, NoLA, Abella, and Nu- CEBIA, called, for distinction's sake, Alfaterna. The site of Taunmia, which had already ceased to eiist in the time of Pliny (ill. 5. s. 9) is wholly unknown, as weU as that of Uyrium or Hybima, a city known only from its coins. 4. In the territory of the PiCEirmn (which, as already observed, was comprised in Campania in the official designation of the province), were: Saler- HUM and Marcina on the coast of the Posidonian Gulf, and Picentia in the interior, on the little river still called Bicentmo. Eburi (J?6ob'), though situated on the N. side of the Silanu, is assigned by Pliny to Lucania. (Plin. iii. II. s. 15.) Campania was traversed by the Appian Way, the greatest high road of Italy: this had, indeed, in its original construction by Appios Claudius, been carried only from Rome to Capoa; the period at which it was extended from thence to Beneventum is uncertain, but this could hardly have taken place before the close of the Samnite Ware. [Via Appia.] This road led direct from Sinuessa (the last city in Latium), where it quitted the Ma shore, to Casi- linnm, and thence to Capua ; from whence it was continued through Calatia and Caudium (in the Samnite territory) to Beneventum. It entered the Campanian territory at a bridge over the little river Savo, 3 miles from Sinuessa, called from this cir- cumstance the Pons Campanus. {/tin. Bier. p. 6 1 1 ; TcA, Peut,) The Via Latina, another very ancient and important line of road, entered Campania from the N. and proceeded from Casinmn in Latium by Teanum and Cales to Casilinum, where it fell into the Via Appia. The line of road, which proceeded in a southerly direction from Capua by Nola and Nuceria to Salemum, was a part of the great high road from Rome to Rhegium, which is strangely called in the Itinerary of Antoninus the Via Appia. An inscription still extant records the construction of this line of road from Capua to Rh^um, but the name of its author is unfortunately lost, though it is probable that he was a praetor of the name cf Popi- CAHPI PHLEGRAEL Bus. [Fobum Popiul] Besides this, another road, given in the Tabula, led direct finom Capua to Neapolia, and from thence by Herculaneom and Pompeii to Nuceria, where it jouied the preceding; while another branch quitted it at Pompeii and followed the shores of the bay through ^abiae to Snrrentum. Lastly, another great road, which as we learn from Statins (^SUv. iv. 3) was eonstmcted by the emperor Domitian, proceeded along the coast from Sinuessa to Cumae, and thence by Puteoli to Nea- polis. There is no doubt, from the flourishing ooaditkm of Campania onder the Roman Empire, that all these roads oontinned in use down to a late period. Milestones and other inscriptions attest their successive restorations from the reign of Trajan to that of Valentinian III. (Mommsen, Inter, Neap, ppi 340, 341.) Concerning the topogra]^y of Campania, see Pellegrini, Ducorn ddla Campania Felix (2 vols. 4to. Napoli, 1771), who is much superior to the common run of Italian topograi^ers. His authority is for the most part followed by RomanellL {Topo- grafia iHorioa del Regna di HapoUf voL iii.) There exist coins with the name of the Cam> panians and Greek legends (KAMnANON), but most of these belong to the Campanians who were settled in Sicily at Entella and other cities. There are, however, silver coins with the inscription KAMnANO (or sometimes KAnnANO), which certainly belong to Campania, and were probably struck at Capua. (Eckhel, Num. VeLAneod. p. 19; MUlingen, Numitm, de llialie, p. 140.) [E. H B.] CAMPI LABORINI. [Campi Phuegraei.] CAMPI MACRI(MaicporKi^Toi, Strab.), a place in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Via Aemilia, between Re- gium and Matina. Strabo speaks of it as a small town (v. p. 216), where a great fiiir (vavfryvf^s) was held every year: and Varro notices it as the scene of a large cattle and sheep fair, the ndgh' bouring pluns being indeed among the most cele- brated in Italy for the excellence of their wool. (Varr. iL Praef.; Colum. vii. 2. § 3.) But this hr appeara to have fiUlen into &me soon after; for a curious inscription, discovered at Herculaneum, dated in a. d. 56, speaks of it as having then ceased to be held, so that the buildings adapted for it were fallen into decay, and the place was become unin- habited. (OreU. Inter, 3115 ; Cavedoni, Mamni Modeneti^ p. 60.) It is evident from this that there never was properly a town of the name, but merely a collection of buildings for the purposes of the fiur. The name of the Campi Maori was origi- nally given to the extensive plains at the foot of the Apennines, extending along the Via Aemilia from Mntina to Parma. They are repeatedly mentioned in this sense by Livy during the ware of the Romans with the Ligurians, who at that time still held pos- session of the mountains immediately adjoining. (Liv. xli. 18, xlv. 12.) Columella also speaks of the " Macri campi," not as a particular spot, but a tract of country about Parma and Matina. (/2. JL vii. 2. § 3.) It is supposed that the village of Magreda, on the banks of the Seochia^ about 8 miles from Modena^ retains some traces of the an- cient name. (Cavedoni, I c, 62.) [£. H. B.] CAMPI PHLEGRAEI (tA ♦Xrypo?a irtiia) was tlie name given by the Greeks to the fertile plains of Campania, especially those In the neigh- bonrhiwd of Cumae. The origin of the name was probably connected with the voloanic phenomena of
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