CASTULO. CA'STULO (KaoraXi&y, Polyb., Strab. Ac, con- tracted into lOirrAMr, Plat, sirt, 3, and vkr. to Strabo; KoarovAciy, Ptol. ii. 6. § 59, and vbr. to Strabo; Koo-roAwf, Appian. Uisp, 16 : Gaata- lonensis: Cote/ona), the chief city of the Oretani, in Hispania Tanaconensis, aud one of the most im- p(trtant places in the S. of Spain. (Ptol. L c; Arte- inidor. ap.Steph. Bjz. ; Streb. iii. p. 152, where the ^Tonls KM *tlpia are supposed by Ukert to be a later addition; see Oretaki: Plutarch, Ac, assigns it to the Celtiberi.) It lay very near the boundary of Baetica (Strab. iil p. 166), oo the upper course of the Baetis (Strabo, iii. p. 152, observes that above Corduba, towards Castulo, M KxurrKvyos, the river was not navigable), and on the great Roman road irom Carthago Nova to Corduba. (Strab. p. 160.) It stood at the junction of four roads, one leading to Carthago Nova, from which it was distant 203 M. P. : two others to Corduba, the distances being respectively 99 M. P. and 78 M. P. ; and the fourth to Malaca, the distance being 291 M. P. As to the places near it, it was 22 M. P. from Mektksa Bastia, 20 &L P. from luTURGis, 32 M. P. from Uciensis, and 35 M. P. from TuoiA (^Itm. Ant. pp. 396, 402, 403, 404). A further indication of its position is given by the fact, twice stated by Poly bios, that Baecula was in its neighbourhood. (Polyb. z. 38, xi. 20.) Again, it was near the silver -mines which Strabo mentions as abounding in the mountains along the N. side of the Baetis {Cfiiaddlqminr)^ and the term Saltus Castulonensis seems to have been the general name of a considerable portion of that chain. (Polyb. a. cc.; Liv. xxii. 20, xxvi. 20, xxviL 20; Cic. Ep. odFcan. z. 31; Strab. iiL p. 142: there were also lead-mines near Castulo, p. 148: Caesar, B. C. I 38, speaks of the Saltus Castuk>nensis as di- viding the upper valleys of the Anas and the Baetis: it corresponds to the Sierra de Casorla^ or £. part of the Sierra MorenaJ) All the evidence respecting its site points to the small place still called CWono*, about half a league from Linaretj on the right bank of the Giiadalimar^ a little above its junction with the Gtutdalquivir ; and the site is further identified by ruins with inscriptions, and by the mutilated sculptures frequently found there. At PaUxzuelot are the suppoMd ruins ^ the paiaee of Himilce, the rich wife of ilannibal," who was a native of Castulo (Liv. zziv. 41 ; Sil. Ital. iiL 97)( and "the fine fountain of Linaret is supposed to be a remnant of the Roman work which was connected with Castulo." The mines of copper and lead close to the ]>lace are still very productive ; and in the bills N. of Ltnores, the ancient silver-mines called Los Pozoa de Anffud may not improbably have preserved the memory of the rich mine which Hannibal is known to have pos- sessed in Spain, and which has been conjectured to have come to him through his wife. (Plin. xzziii. 31 ; Morales, Antig, pp. 58 — 62 ; Florez, Etp, S. vol. vii. p. 136, vol. V. pp. 4,40; Ford^ Handbook j p. 166.) The valley of Cagloma has also a certun r^em- blaoce to that on the side of Parnassus above Delphi, which is evidently referred to in the epithet applied to it by Silhis Italicus (iii. 392, ** Fulget praecipuis Pamaaia Castulo signis"), and in the tradition, preserved by the same poet, that its firat inhabitants
- Reichard and otbera, who identify it with Co-
tnrla, E. of Jaen^ seem to have lieen misled by the idea that Strabo (iiL p. 142) placed it near the source of the Baetis, whereas his language refen only to the upper course of the river. CASUS. 565 (hence called Castalii) were colonists from Phocis (iii. 97, foil. : whether the name of the place was derived from the tradition or aided its invention, can hardly be determined). It stands on the slope of a mountain of the Sierra Morena which has two summits, with a narrow valley between, through which the GwukUimar flows, and on the side of the mountain is a spring, like that of Castalia on Par- nassus. (Morales, p. 59.) The close alliance of Castulo with the Cartha- ginians, implied in the circumstance d* Hannibal's marriage, did not jvevent its revolt to the Romans, at the time of the successes of P. and Cn. Sdpio, in the Second Punic War, b. c. 213 (Liv. zziv. 41). P. Scipio seems to have made Castulo his head- quartere, and was slain under its walls (Appian. iTup. 16), his brother's fate following only 29 days later, and at no great distance, b. c. 212 (Liv. zxv. 36). Upon this, Castulo, and its neighbour lllituigi (maxitne insignes et magmtudine et noxa, Liv. xzviii. 19), besides other smaller cities, returned to the Punic alliance ; and their punishment was one of young P. Scipio's first acts after the Cailhaginians were ezpelled from Spain, b. c. 206 (that is, as we have a story in Livy*s somewhat doubtful version), lllituigi was sacked with the last extremities of military cruelty ; but the Spaniards in Castulo, warned by the ezample, and less obnozious for the manner <^ thdr revolt, hoped to make their peace by a voluntary surrender of their city and of its Punic garrison, and their submission purchased a fate so little milder than that of Illiturgi that Livy seems to labour in shading off the due gradation. (Liv. zzviii. 19, 20.) Under the Roman empire, Castulo was a nami- etpwm, with the jus Latinumy belonging to the conveatus of New Carthage; and its inhabitants were called Caesari vcnaJes, (Plin. iiL 3. s. 4 ; Inscr. ap. Gruter. pp. 323, no. 12, 325, no. 2.) Its coins all belong to the period of its independence : they resemble tiiose of the andcnt cities of Baetica (to which, in fact, the city naturally belonged, though politically assigned to Tarraconensis) : their usual type is a winged sphinji (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. L p. 342, vol. iii. p. 44 ; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 37, Suppl. vol. L p. 74; Sestini, pu 128 ; Eckhel, vol. L p. 44.) It is not quite certain whether tlie Castax (K<i<rra{) of Appian (^Hisp. 32) is meant for Cas- tulo. (Comp. Liv. zziv. 41 ; Steph. B. «. v. Ki(oTa{; Wesseling. ad Itin. AnL pi 403 ; SchweighSuser, ad Appian. p. 242.) [P. S.] CASTULONENSIS SALTUS. [Castuu>.] CASUA'RIA, in Gallia, is placed in the Antonine Itin. on a road from Darantasia {MouUers en Ta- rentaiae) to Geneva. It is 24 M. P. from Daran- tasia to Casuaria, which D'Anville fixes near the source of a small river called La Chaise^ and in the canton of Ceserieux^ which seems to be the name Casuaria. From Casuaria the road is continued tlirough Bautae [Bautae] to Geneva. [G. L.] CASUARII. [Chasnari.] CASUENTUS, a river of Lucania, mentioned only by Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16), who places it between the Acalandrus and Metapontum. It is evidently the river now called BasientOj a considerable stream, which runs nearly parallel to the Bradanus {Bra- dano)f and flows into the Gulf of Tarentum about 5 miles from the moutli of that river, and a sliort distance S. of the site of Metapontum. [E. H. B.] CASUS (iUcrof: iTtA. Kdo^ios), an island between oo 3
