GlIADISIUS. distance between Thapeactts, where Cyrns crossed the Euphrates, and this Araxes, is much greater than between Thapsacns and the river Chab(na8. The Chaborss is fed by several smaller streams, the names of which are mentioned in the later classical writers. These are, the Scirtus (Procop. de AecUf. ii. 7), the Cordes (Ibid. ii. S), and the Mtodomius (Jalian. Or. j. p. 27). Ptolemj (v. 18. § 6) mentions a town called CuABORA (Xotfe^pa), on the Euphrates, which he places near ^cephorion, and which probably derives its name from the river, and Simocat. (iv. 10) mentions *A(bf>ewr fpo^oy, which is, as certiunly, the same place. [V.] CHADI'SIUS (XoJr<noj) or CHADISIA (Plin. VI. 3), a river of Pontns. There was also a town Chadisia (Xa8i(Ha: Eth, XeAifftot). Hecataeus, qnotcd by Stephanos (#. v. Xa^urla), speaks of Cha- disia as a city of the Lenco^ri, that is, of the Gap« padociaiis; and he says, **the plain Themiscyra extends from Ohadisla to the Thermodon." Menip- pos, in his Periplus of the two Ponti, also qaoted by Ste- phanos, says : ** from the Lycastos to the village and river Ohadisins is 150 stadia, and from the Ghadisins to the river Iris 100 stadia." The Lycastos is 20 stadia east of Amisns {Samgan), and Hamilton (^ResearckeSj ^. vol. i. p. 288) identifies it with the JHers TmuLkj a river between two and three miles east of the Acropolis of Amisns. The Ghadisius cannot be certainly identified, for the distance fW>m the Lycastns to the Ghadisins, according to Arrian, is only 40 stadia. The whole distance from Amisns to the Iris is 270 stadia, according to Marcian, who seems to have followed Menippns, bnt only 160 ac- cording to Arrian. [G. L.] GHAERONEIA (Xai/N(v«ia : 'Eth, Xutp»yt6s, fem. XeupctfWs: A^. Xaip9tpuc6s: Kdpuma), a town of Boeotia, sitoatei near the Gephissns, npon the borders of Phocis. The town itself does not appear to have been of much importance ; but it has ob- tained great celebrity in consequence of the battles which were fought in its neighbourhood. Its position natnnlly rendered it the scene of military operations, since it stood in a small plain, which commanded the entrance from Phocis into Boeotia, and which accordingly would be occupied by an army desirous ci protecting Boeotia from an invading force. Ghae- roneia was situated at the head of the plain, shut in by a high projecting rock, which formed, in ancient times, the citadel of the town, and was called Petrachos or Petrochns (Tl4rpaxos^ Pans. iz. 41. § 6 ; nirfwxos, Pint. SuU. 17). The town lay at the foot of the hill, and is said to have derived its name from Gfaaeron, who, according to the statement of Plutarch, built it towards the east, whereas it had previously faced the west (Pans. iz. 40. § 5 ; Steph. B. i. t. ; Pint, de Cttriont. 1.) Chaeroneia is not mentioned by Horner'^ but by some of the ancient writers it was supposed to be the same town as the Boeotian Ame. (Ham. //. ii. 507.) [Abnb, No. 2.1 In the historical periodjt Sj/T^** dependent upon Orchomenus (Thuc iv. ^"
- jr It is first mentioned In b.c. 447^
' S afcrt e T TAsTdllfeht ne ar the town y Ghae- roneia had previously been in the hands of the party favourable to the Athenians ; but having been seized by the opposite party, Tolmldes, at the head of a snudl Athenian force, marched against it He suc- ceeded in taking the town, but was shortly afterwards
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GHAERONgIA/' _^ -595 defeated by the Boeotians m^ s ■li ght s ui J i BB f , and fell in the battlc^Thnc. i. 118 ; Died. xu. 6.) In a^ B. c. 424 a plot was formed to betray the town to the Athenians, but the project was betrayed, and the place was occupied by a strong Boeotian force. (Thuc iv. 76, 89.) In the Phodan war Ghaeroneia was unsuccessfully besieged by Onomarchns, the Pfaocian leader, but it was afterwards taken by his son Phahiecns. (Diod. zvi. 33, 39.) AMUMMai4B«MMbHMi<» Celebrated battle was fought at Ghaerooeia on the 7th of August, b. c. 338, in which Phih'^p, by defeating the united forces of the Athenians and Boeotians, crushed the liberties of Greece. Of the details of this battle we have no account, but an interesting memorial of it still re- mains. We learn from ^usanias (iz. 40. § 10) and Strabo (iz. p. 414) that the sepulchno of the Tbebans who fell in the battle, was near Ghaeroneia; and the former writer states that this sepnichre was surmounted by a lion, as an emblem of the spirit of Ihe Thebans. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile, or a little more, from the khan of Kdpumaj on the right side of the road towards Orohomenns; but when the spot Was visited by Leake, Dodwell and Gell, the lion nad completely disappeared. A few yeaiB ago, however, the mound of earth was excavated, and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. " This noble piece of sculpture, though now strewed in detached masses about the sides and interior of the ezcavation, may still be said to exist nearly in its original int^ty. It is evident, from the appearance of the fragments, that it was composed from the first of more than one block, although not certainly of so many as its remains now exhibit .... This lion may, npon the whole, be prononnced the most interesting se- pulchral monument in Greece. It is the only one dating from the better days of Hellas — with the exception perhaps of the tumulus of Marathon — ^^ the identity of which is beyond dispute." (Muie.) f^^^ The tlM groat battle fought at Ghaeroneia was ^^^TC the one m which SuUa dented the generals of ^ Mithridates in b. c. 86. Of this engagement a long ^^ account is given by Plutarch, probably taken almost ^v verbatim ftom the commentaries of Sulla. (Pint SulL 17, seq,) The narrative of Plutarch is illus- £. trated by Gol. Leake with his usual acctiracy and V sagacity. Mount Thnrium, called in the time of Plutarch, Orthophagium, the summit of which was < ^' seized by SuUa. is supposed by Leake to be the ^ highest point of the hills behind Ghaeroneia ; and ^ the torrent Morius, below Mount Thnrium, is pro- bably the rivulet which joins the left bank of the Gephissns, and which separates Mt Hcdylium from % Mt Acontiutn. ^ Ghaeroneia continued to exist imder the Roman' *. empire, and is memorable at that period as the birth- < place of Plutarch, who spent the later years of his • • life in his native town. In the time of Pausanias Ghaeroneia was noted for the manufacturo of per- fumed oils, extracted from flowers, which Were used as a remedy against pain. (Pans. ix. 41. § 6.) Ghaeroneia stood upon the site of the modem vil- lage of KdpwTM. There are not many remains of the ancient city upon the phun ; but there ate some riuns of the citadel upon the proiecting rock ahready described ; and on the face of this rock, fronting the plun, are traces of the ancient theatre. In the church of the Panaghia, in the village, ara several remains of ancient art, and inscriptions. From the - latter we learn that Serapis was wwshipped in the QQ 2 . A L ^/i^^A M^. • m. _».
