Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/653

CLIMAX. He obflorea that Arriao ^ ascribeB the reflux of the •ea to its trae cause, the inflaenoe of the wind." Alexander himself, in his letters, which Platarch refers to {Alex, c. 17), simply states the fact of his passing bj the Climax; but it became a fine subject for embellishment in the hands of manj of the his- torians, who describe the sea as making way for the conquerar. S. Poljbios (v. 72) speaks of the narrow defiles aboat the so-called Clinux (rV itaXavfUyriv kKI- /Muca), and he says that one of the defiles leads to Saponla. It seems that the name Climax extended fixxn the mountains on the Lydan coast northward into the interior, and that the range which formed A boondaiy between Milyas and Pamphylia and Pisidia was nsmed ClinuuL Saporda was one of •the passes that led over this nmge from Milyas into Pisidia* Garsyeris (Polyb. ▼. 72) led his troops from Milyas by a pass in the Climax to Perge. When Alexander led his men along the beach at the base of the mountains from Phaselis, he sent a part of the army by an inland route over the hills to Perge. This route was not so far north as that by which Garsyeris reached t*w same place. Arrian obsenres that the Thradans had made a road over the hills for Alexander's troops, which shows that though there was then no road in that part, it was fHMsible to make one. 3. Climax b the name of a place on the oosst of Paphlagonia between Cytorus and Cape Carsmbis. Mareian {PeripL p. 71) places it 50 stadia east of Crobialos. Ptolemy (t. 4) mentions it in his Ga- iatia, and it is the first pJaoe after Cytorus which he meotioas on this coast [G. LJ CLIMAX, in the Argeia. [Aboob, p. 201.] CLIMAX MONS (KX(^ Spos, Ptol.), a moun- tain of Arabia Felix, mentioned as a landmark se> veial times in Ptolemy's description of the oountxy (▼L 7). Niebuhr identifies it with Anndro, or JVo- kil SmmAra^ the laigest and highest mountain tra- versed by him in Yemen, (fitter^, <fe VArdbUy vol. iiL p. 207.) This is confirmed by Forster {Arabia^ vol. L p. 94, voL ii. pi 270), who suggests that its Greek name, neariy identical in meaning with the Arabic NakU^ may be derived from the flights of steps, scooped in the rocky sides of the mountains, by which, according to Niebuhr, tiie roads ascend the steep hills of the DJebal (1 & n.*). [G. W.] CLIMBE£BIS or CLIMBERBUM, a town of the Ausci, an Aquitanian people, afterwards Augusta. [AuouCTA.] Vossius says (Meh^ iiL 2) that the leadmg of ail the MSS. is fttmt ftemim, except one Vatacaa MS. which has Climbermm. He sdds that the reading of the Table is Clibemun, and D'AnviHe also says that it is Cliberre. But Walck- enaer observes that in the good edition of the Table by Von Scheyb the name is Eliberre. In the Anto- ntne Itin. it is Climbermm. The terminatian herre is Basque, and is said to mean ** new;'^ and trwa is said to mean ** town.' It is doubtful if Climberris is the true form. There is a town and river Illiberris between Busdno and the Pyrenaeum Prooiontorinm; and this may be the same name as that of the chief town of the Ansa. [G. L.] CLITA£ (KAffcroOt * phu» m the interior of Bithynia, mentioDsd by Ptokmy (v. 1), east of the Pailiienius. The site is unknown. [G. L.] CLITAE, a Cilidan people who are mentioned by Tacitus (iimi. vL 41) as subjects of a Cappa- dodan Archelatts, in the time of Tiberius. This 4^nhatuB appean to have been a kii^ of Gilida CLITUMNU3. 695 Trachea, certainly not the last king of Cappadodi^ for he was dead before the time to which Tadtns refers in the passage cited above. [Cappadocia, p. 507.] The Clitae refused to submit to the regu- lations of the Roman census, and to pay taxes, and retired to the heights of Taurus. There they soe- cessiully resisted the king, until M. Trebellins was sent by VlteUins, the governor of Syria, who blockaded them in their hiU forts, Cadra and Davara, and compelled them to surrender. In the reign of Clau- dius the Clitae again fortified themselves on the mountains, under a leader Trosobores, whence they descended to the coast and the towns, plundering the cultivators, townspeople, shipmasters, and mer- chants. They besieged the town of Anemnrinm, a place probably near the promontory, from which and the other circumstances we collect that the Clitae were a nation in Cilicia Trachea. At last Antiochus, who was king of this coast, by pleasing the common sort and agoling the leader, succeeded in putting Trosobores and a few of the chiefe to death, and pacified the rest by his mild measures. (Tac ^fM. xii. 55.) [G. L.] CLITE'RNLA, or CLITERNUM. 1. (KXci. r^pwwy PtoL : Etk. Cliteminus), a dty of the A»- quiculi, and one of the only two assigned to that people both by Pliny and Ptolemy. It was included in the Fourth B^lon of Augustus, as well as Carseoli. The disoovny of an inscription to a Duumvir Clitemiae** at a pkoe called Capradoiao about 9 miles from RUti in the upper valley of the SaUo^ affords some reason for r^arding tlds spot (where there exist vestiges of an andsnt town) as the site of Clitemia^ though, as the inscription is merely sepulchral, the evidence is for firom oondusive. (Bunsen, Anti(M SuMUmeiUi ItaHcij p. 113, in the Annali ddP IruL Arek voL vi ; Abeken, M. /. p. 88.) 2. A town of Apulia atuated in the northern part of the province between the Hfemus and the Frento. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Mela, ii. 4. §6.) Andent writers afford no further clue to its podtion, but local antiquarians have indicated its site at a place called Zaochiano, on the left of the torrent of Saooum9t about 5 miles E. of 8, Martmo, The spot, which is now uninhabited, is said to be called in documents of the middle ages Clitemianum, and oondderable vestiges of an ancient dty are visible there. (Tria. Storia diLarino, pp^ 17, 18, 856— «{ Bomandti, voL iii. p. 22.) [£. H. B.] CLITOR. [CuniOB.] CLITUMNUS(C(teMiio),a8maIlriverofUmbria, celebrated for the deamess of iU waters, and the beauty of the cattle that pastured on its banks. Its source, of which a well-known and very acenrato description has been left us by tlie youQger Plii^* (Ep. viiL 8), is dtnated about half way between Spoleto and FoUgtto^ at a phux called X« Feae, from the numerous sources or springs of water that gush forth from under the limestone rock. These speedily unite into one stream, of sufikient magnitude to be navigable for boats, the waters of which are deep and dear as crystal: it has a course of about 9 miles to Mevania (Beoa^aa), below which it assumes the name of TMat and appears to have been in andent times also known as the Timia or Tinia from thence to the Tiber. [Tdiia.] In the upper part of ito course it is still called the CUtmmo. Pliny describes the source of the Clitumnus in a manner that sufil- dently shows it was regarded, not only as an dgect of local Vd&enttioo, bat m a nght to be Tinted bj