Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/657

GKIDUS. ' 'About a mile or more from the eastern gate of OnidaB are nmneraiis tombe, aome of which are bniidiaga of oonaiderable extent ** One of the hurgest ia a aqnare of 120 feet, with walla of beautiful po- lygonal conatmction and a ngular coping of fkt alaba; within this apace are two or thi^ email huihUngByappanntljtombs." (Hamilton.) The front wall of theee tomba is in aome lew caaea built in horizontal oonnea, but the polygonal blocks are moat frequent. In the interior then are either ** arched Tauha or narrow paaaagea cov«red with flat atones ; the vaulta are «tfaer formed of laige Gjclopian blocks, or of small stones finnlj cemented together." (Ha- milton.) ** The existence of Cyclopian masaniyf" Mr. Hamilton observes, " thus intimatelj connected with regular arches, seems to prove that the polygonal style most have been in use at a much later period tlian is usually believed." He further says, that this Cydopian maaonry, as it is called, is not dedsive evidence of the great antiquity of a building; and few good critics will dispute the truth of this remark now. An inscription was found among these Cydo> I»an tombs which belongs to the Boman period. The extreme western point of the Cnidian pen- insula was the Triopium Pramontorium, as ScyUtx ealls it, now Cape Krio^ and perhaps Herodotus (L 174) limits the name Triopium to this promontory. Bat the territory of Cnidns (^ Kyt^ia) extended eastward to Bubassus at the head of the gulf of %me, and here is the narrow isthmus which the Ciiidkns attempted to cut thrcmgh in the time of Gyms the Persian. [Bubassus.] This long narrow peninsula is about 40 miles in length, audits greatest width about 10 miks. It does not seem to have been aoonmtdy examined by any modom tmveller, but we know its form now from the late British survey. Herodotus certainly calls all this peninsula the Gnidia, and he describes it more dearly than any other writer. Pliny (r. 28) is very brief and confused ; perhaps he gives the name Triopia to the small peninsnU, or he may include in this term the western part of the whole peninsula. His term Doris may perhaps indude the whole peninsula. Pansanias (i. 1. § 3) has no name for it, unless it be the Garian Gheraonesus, for he speaks of Onidus as bang in the Garian Ghersonesus; but in another passage (v. 24. § 7) he dearly givea the name Cheiwmesus only to the island, which is now Cape JTrto, and he says that the chief part of Cnidus is built on the Garian main- land. [Compare Bubassus and Gabia.] As the narrow isthmus which the Cnidians attempted to cut through is at the eastern extremity of the peninsula, It is a fiur condusion that all the part west of the isthmus bdonged to the Gnidii; and as there is no other dty to whose territory it could conveniently be attached, it seems a certain conclusion that they had the whde of the peninsula. Cnidus is mentioned m one of the so-called Homeric hymna, but we can oonchide nothing from this. It waa a Lacedaemonian colony, and the leader of the cdony according to tradition was Triopas. (Pans. x. 1 1. § 1.) It was one of the members of the Dorian Hexapolis, which was reduced to five dties after the exclusion of Ha- licamassus. (Herod, i. 144.) These Dorian colonies, Cnidus, Cos, and lindus, lalyaus and Camirus in Bhodea, formed a confederation. Their place of meet- ing waa at the temple of the Triojnan Apdlo, where they had games,and bronze tnpods for prizes. The site of the Triopian temple was on the island, now Cape Krio. (Thucyd. viii. 35.) The Cnidians traded to Egypt at an early period (Herod, ii. 178); and th^ GNIDXTR «3» had a treasury at Ddphi (Paus. z. 1 1. § S). The position of the place was favourable for trade, and Cnidus acquired wealth. They colonised Lipara, one of the Aeolian islands off the north coast of Sidly. After their unsuocessful attempt to cut across their isthmus [Bubassus], the Cnidians surrendered to Harpagus, the general o^ Gyrus the Persian, and so far as we know they renudned quiet. At the commencement of the Pdoponnedan War they were dependents on Athens, for we must suppose that Thucydides (ii. 9) indudes them m the term "Dorians dwelling close to the Corians." Cnidus deserted the Athoiians after thdr losses in Sicily^ and the Athenians made an unsuocessful attempt to. sdze the place. Thucydides (viiL 35), after speaking of the Athenians surprising some vessels at the Trio{Man promontory, says tlut they then sailed down, upon Cnidus, and attacking the d^, which waa un- walled, nearly took it. The dty is evidently the town on the mainhmd, and as this dty was then unwalled, the walls which Hamilton describes must be of later date than the Peloponnesian War. In B.C. 394 Gonon, who cnmnanded a Persian and Hellenic fleet, ddieated the Lacedaemonians under Pisander off Cnidus and destroyed the supremacy of Sparta. (Xen. HelL iv. 3. § 10; Isocrates, Panegyr, e.39.) In the war of the Romans with Antiochus the Gnidii readily obeyed the orders of the Bomans. (Liv. xxxviL 16.) One of the very few occasions on which anything is recorded of the military operationa of the Gnidii is thdr sending relief to Calynda, when it had revolted firom Caunus (Polyb. xxxl. 17X about B. a 163. On the settlement of the province of Asia they were included in it, and in Pliny's time Cnidus was ^ Libera," and probably at an earlier time. It was taken by the pirates who infested theee sees before they were deared out by Cn. Pompdus B.C. 67 (Cic Pro Lege ManUia^ c. 12), at the same time that Samoa, Colophon and other phices on the coast were plundered. Hamilton (Reeearckee and Appendix^ vd. ii.) copied several inscriptions at Cnidus. None of them are andent, and most of them belong to the Roman period. The Doric form appears in Senior and other words. The name of Apollo Gameius occurs in one inscription; and Apollo was worshipped under this name at Corinth, siid by all the Dorians (Pans. iii. 13. § 4). This inscription is a memorial in honour of Caius Julius Theopompus (Theupompus in the inscription) the son of Artemidorus (as it stands in Hamilton's copy), and it was erected by his friend Marous Aephidus Apollonius, the son of Marous. There was a Theopompus, a native of Cnidus, an historical writer and friend of the dictator Caesar (Strab. p. 656); and Theopompus had a son Arte- midorus, but according to this inscription Theopompus. was the scm of Artemidorus. An Artemidorus in- formed Caesar of the conspiracy against him. (Plut. Caet, c. 65.) The inscription shows that Theopunpus was a Greek who had after Greek &ahion taken the praenomen and nomen of his patron, and this Theo- pompus may have been the man whom the dictator patronised. Hamilton conjectures that Apollonius may bo Molon, the rhetorician, the teacher ii Caesar and Cicero; but if that is so, his father must have reodved the Roman citizenship, for he is called Marcus in the inscription. Eudoxus the mathematician, as Strabo calls him, one of the friends of Plato, was a native of Cnidus; but he is chiefly known as an astronomer. Strabot