CRETA. (Ham. It xTiii. 604) and the old cyclic choniB oi throe thotuumd yeiura ago. (/^ xviii. 590; Athen. T. p. 81.) The diees of the peasant oontmaes to resemble that of his anoeBtore ; he still wean the boots (droS^/uora), as described by Galen ( CV>m.fl» Eipp(h eraL de Art, iy. 14, toL xviii. p. 682, ed. Kiihn), and the short cloak, KpirriK6vy mentioned by Enpolis (ap. Phot Leas. tqI. L p. 178), and Aristophanes (Thetm. 730). It is doabtfol whether there are any genuine an- tonomoos coins of Crete; several of the Imperial period exist, with the Altigraph KOTNON KPHTAN, and typei referring to the legendary history of the ishmd. (jSckliel, vol. ii. p. SOD.) IV. Itmerarif and Tomw. — Crete, in its flourish- ing days, had a hundred cities, as narrated by Stepha- nos, Ptoiemy, Strabo, snd other authors: —
- Centum nrbes habitant magnas uberrima regna."
Virg. Aen, iiL 106. . t-^CComp. HoDL IL ii. 649 ; Hor. Carm. ill 27. 34, Ep, ' V Lk. 29.) These cities were destroyed by the Romans ^^underQ. Metellns, but ruins belonging to many of them ^^^^may still be tnced. The ancients have left serend "7 itineraries. The Stadiasmus of the Mediterranean, • starting firam Sammaninm, made a peripius of the island, commencing tsa. the S. coast Ptolemy began atCorycoSjand travelled in thecontnuy direction, also making a complete tour of the coast; after which, startmg again from the W. extremity of the island, he has enumerated several inland cities as far as Lyctus. Pliny began at nearly the same pUoe as Ptolemy, but travelled in the contrary direction, till he arrived at Hierapolis ; after which he made mention of several inland towns at random. Scylax commenced at the W. coast, and proceeded to the £., grouping inknd and coast towns together. Hierodes set out from Gor^ma eastward by Hierapytna, nearly completing the tour of the coast; while the PeuUnger Table, commencing at Tharms, pursued the opposite route, with oncasional deviaUons. In the library of the Mardana at Venice are se* vend reports addressed to the Serene Bepublic by the Pnveditori of Candia, some of which contain notices at more or less length of its antiquities. One of these, a MS. of the 16th century, La Deacrisione dd^ laoia di Candia, has been translated in the Muteum of CkuHcal Antiquitiea, vol ii. p. 263, sod contains much interesting and valuable matter. In the same paper will be found a veiy accurate map of Crete, ocnstructed on the outline of the French map of Dumas, Gauttier, and Lassie, 1825, corrected at the E. and W. extremities from the hydrographio charts of the Admiralty, executed from recent sur- veys by Captains Graves and Spratt. Crete has been fortunate in the amount of attention which has been paid to it The diligent and kborious Meursius (Creto, Cyprui, Shodut, AmsteL 1675) has coJlectod eveiything which the ancients have written connected with the ishmd. Hock (freto, GSttingeo, 1629, 3 vols.) is a writer of great merit, sod has given a full account of the mythdogical his- tovy of Crete, in which mudi curious infonnation is fomid. Mr. Pashley (^TratfOi in Crete, London, 1837, 2 vols.) is a traveller of the same stamp as Colonel Leake, and has illustrated the geography of the ishmd by his own personal observation and sound judgment Bishop Thirlwall {HitL of Greece^ voL i. p. 283, foil.) has given a very vivid outline of the Cretan institutions as they were conceived to have existed by Aristotle, Strabo, and others. ^ *f r.^^tc.:-^ J>*^JC.Xrttf, I no
•Wing u a list of toe Ci , _ , account of the chief of which is given separately: — ^J On the N. coast, in the direction from W. to £. : j^ ' ' . « Agneum, Cisamus, Methymna, Dictynna, Pergamum, ' ^^ Cydonia, Minoa, Marathusa, Aptera, Cisamus, Am-Jt^ ^vT phimatrium, Hydnunum, Amphimalla, Rhithymna. __ -in J Pantomatrium, Astale, Panormus, Dinm, Cytaeum,*^ *^* Apollonia, Matium, Heraoleum, Amnisus, Cherso- nesus, Olus, Miletus, Camara, Naxus, Minoa, Istron, Etea, Grammium. On the E. coast: Itanus, Ampelos. On the S. coast, in the direction from E. to W. : Erythraea, Hierapytna, Hippocronium, Uistoe, Prian- sua, Leben, Matalia, Sulia, Pyschium, Apollonias, Phoenix, Tairha, Poedlasium, Syia, Lissus, Cala* myda. On the W. coast: Inachorium, Bhamnus, Chersc- nesus, Phalasama, Cocycus. In the interior of the island, frxnn W. to E.: Eleaea, Polyrrhenia, Bocca, Achaea, Dulopolis, Can- tanus, Hyrtadna, Elyrus, Caeno, Cerea, Arden or Anopolis, Polichna, Mycenae, Lappa or Lampa, Ce- rium, AuloD, Osmida, Sybritia, Eleutherna, Axus, Gortyn or Gortyna, Phaestus, I^lorus, Boebe, Bene, Astemsia, Bhytium, Stehe, Inatus, Biennus, Py- nmthus, Rhaucos, Tylissus, Cnossus, Thenae, Om- phalium, Pannona, Lyctus, Arcadia, Olerus, Allaria, Praesus. [£. B. J.] CBETICUM MARE. [Aeoabum Mabe.] CBETCPOLIS (KpirrrfiroXir, PtoLv. 5 ; K^£f w^Aif, Polyb. V. 72). Ptolemy places Cretopolis in the part of Cabalia, which he attaches to Pamphylia. Garsyeris encamped at Cretopolis before he attempted the pass of Climax [Gliv ax] ; and Cretopolis is, thertifore, west of the Climax, and in the Milyas, as Polybius says (v. 72). Cretopolis is twice men- tioned by Diodorus (xviii. 44, 47). The site is unknown. [G. L.] CREFSA, or CBEU'SIS (KpcoiMra, KpeoMr/o, Stzab.; Creusa, Liv.; KpcGcrir, Xeu., Pans., Steph. B. : Eik. Kpt6<rios)j a town of Boeotia, at the head of a small bay in the Corinthian gulf, described by ancient writers as the port of Thespiae. (Strab. ix. pp. 405, 409; Pans. ix. 32. § 1; '* Creusa, Thes- piensium emporium, in intimo sinu Corinlhiaco retractum," Liv. xxxvi. 21.) The navigation from Peloponnesus to Creusis is described by Pausanias (iL c.) as insecure, on account of the many head- huids which it was necessary to double, and of the violent gusts of wind rushing down from the mouu- tain8« Creusis was on the bordere of M^aris. One of the highest points of Mt Cithaeron projects into the sea between Creusis and A^;osthenae, the fron- tier town in M^aris, leaving no passage along the shore except a narrow path on the side of the moun- tain. In confirmation of Pausanias, Leake romarks that this termination of Mt Cithaeron, as well as all the adjoining part of the Alcyonic sea, is subject to sudden gusts of wind, by which the passage of such a coniice is sometimes rendered dangerous. On two occasions the Lacedaemonians retreated from Boeotia by this route, in order to avoid the more direct roads across Mt Cithaeron. On the fint of these occasions, in b. o. 378, the Lacedaemonian army under Cleombrotus was overtaken by such a violent storm, that the shields of the soldjers were wrested from their hands by the wind, and many of the beasts of burden were blown over the pre- cipices. (Xen. EeU, v. 4. § 16, seq.) The second time that they took this route was after the fatal battle of Leuctra, in b. c. 371. (Xen. HeU. vi. 4. z z
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