70 AFRICA.
between the Idngs of Manietania and Namidia to
make a party of hia own, composed of adventurers
like himself, and who now espoused the cause of
Caesar. (Ap|nan. B. C, It. 54; Dion Cass. xlir.
3.) Jost before the close of b. c. 47, Caesar landed
in AMca; and, after a brief but critical campaign,
orerthrew the united forces of the other party in the
battle of Thapsus, in April, 46. The kingdom of
Numidia was now taken possession of by Caesar, who
erected it into a province, and committed its govcm-
mont to Sallustius, the historian, as proconsul, " in
name," says Dion Cassius, ^ to govern, but in deed
to plunder." (Hirt^ J3. Afr. 97; Dion Cass, xliii.
9; Appian. B. C. ii. 100.) Henceforth Numidia
became known by the name of New Africa, and the
former Roman ]nt}vince as Old Africa. (Appian.
B. C. iv. 63 ; Plin. v. 4. s. 3.) But further, within
the province of New Africa itself, Caesar is said to
have made a partition, to reward the services of Sit-
tius and of the kings of Mauretania; giving to the
latter the W. part of Numidia, as fiu" £. (probably)
as Saldae (possibly to the Ampsaga), and to the
former the territory about Cirta. (Appian. B. C.
iv. 54.) Very probably this partition amounted to
nothing more than leaving his allies, for the present,
in possession of what they had already seized, espe-
cially as, in his anxiety to return to Rome, Caesar
settled the affiiirs of Africa in great haste. (Dion,
xiiii. 14, T(i TC &AAa iv rp *A<ppiKp 8i& fipax^oty
&s ivriv fuUurra, Koraariiaas.') Among the exiles
from Africa of the defeated party, who had taken
refuge with the sons of Pompey in Spain, was a
certmn Arabion, whom Appian (iv. 54) calls a son
of a certain Masinissa, the ally of Juba. This man,
after Caesar's murder, returned to Numidia, expelled
Bocchus, and slew Sttius by stratagem. This story
of Appian's is confused and doubtfiU, even with the
help of a few obscure words in a letter of Cicero
which have some appearance of confirming it. (^i^
AU. XV. 17, Arabioni de Sitio nihil irascorj comp.
Dion Cass, xlviii. 22.)
In the arrangements of the second triumvirate,
B. c. 43, the whole of Africa was assigned to
Octavion. (Dion Cass. xlvi. 55; Appian. B. C
iv. 53.) T. Sextius, a former legate of Julius
Caesar, was governor of the New Province; while
Q. Comifidus and D. Laelius held Old Africa for
the so-called republican party, and to them many
betook tliemselves who had escaped firom the cruelties
of the triumvirs at Rome. A war ensued, the events
of which are related differently by the historians;
but it ended in the defeat and death of Comifidus
and Laelius, b. c. 42. (Appian. B. C. ill. 85, iv.
36, 52 — 56; Dion Cass, xlviii. 21.) . After another
and successful struggle with C. Fango, which there
is not space to relate (see Dion Cass, xlviii. 22
— 24; Appian. B. C. v. 12, 26, 75), Sextius found
himself (A)Ugod to give up both the African pro-
vinces to Lepidus, to whom they had been assigned
in the new arrangements made by the triumvirs
after the battle of Philippi, and confirmed after the
war of Perusia, b. c. 41. By the surrender and re-
tirement of Lepidus, both the African provinces
came into the power of Octavian, b. c. 36. In the
general settlement of the empire after the overthrow
of Antony, b. c. 30, Augustus restored to the young
Juba, son of Juba I., his paternal kingdom of Nu-
midia (Dion Cass. 11. 15); but shortly afterwards,
B. c. 25, he resumed the possession of Numidia,
giving Juba in exchange the two Mauretanias, the
£. buondaiy of his kingdom being fixed at Saldae.
AFRICA.
(Stnb. pp. 828, 831.) [Maubetaku.] Tbni
the two j^rovinces of Afirica were finally united to
the R(Mnan empire, consisting of Old Africa, or the
andent Carthaginian territory, namely, Zengitana
and Byzadum, and New Africa, or, as it was abo
called, Numidia Provincia; the boundaries being, on
the W., at Saldae, where Afirica joined Mauretania
Caesariensis, and on the £., the monument of the
Philaeni, at the bottom of the Great Syitis, wheie
Africa touched Cyrenalca. The boundaries between
Old and New Africa remained as before, namely, en
the N. coast, the New Province was divided from
the Old by the river Tnsca, and on the E. coast bj
the dyke of Scipio, which terminated at Thoiae, at
the N. entrance of the Syrtis Minor. (Plin. v. i.
s. 3.) This province of Africa was assigned to the
senate, and made a proconsular province, b. c. 27
(Stnib. p. 840; Dion Cass. Ini. 12).
A further change was made by Caligula, in two
particulars. First, as to the western boundaiy:
when, having put to death Ptolemy, the son of
Juba II., he made his kingdom of Mauretania a
Roman province, he also extended its boundary east-
wards from Saldae to the river Ampsaga, which be-
came thenoefwth the W. boundary oi Numidia, or
New Africa. (Tac. HitL i. 11.) But he also
clianged the government of the province. Under
Augustus and Tiberius, the (me legion (III*), which
was deemed sufiident to protect the province against
the barbarians on the S. frontier, had been under the
orders of the proconsul; but Caligula, moved by fear
of the power and popularity of the proconsul M. Si-
lanus, deprived him of the military command, and
placed the legion under a legatua of his own. (Tac
Hi^ iv. 48.) From the account of Dion Cassias,
which is, however, obviously inexact in some points,
it would seem that Numidia was alt<^ther sepa-
rated from Africa, and made an imperial prorincc
under the UgaJhu Caetarit. (Dion Cass. lix. 20: koI
9ixt extent,
from the river Ampsaga and the promontory Metago-
nites on the W. (the same, doubtless, as the Tretum
of Stralx), Ras Seba Rouiy i. e. 7 Capes) to the Arne
Phihienorum on the E.; while Pliny (v. 4. s. 3),
making Numidia extend from the Ampsaga to the
Tusca, and Africa from the Tusca to the frontier of
