870 ETRURIA. throngh the latter people down to onr own times. In the divisions of tiieir monej, weights, and mea- sures, as well as in manj of their other institutions, we trace a {nedilectaon for the duodedmal system, which was adopted from them by the Romans. (For fuller information concerning the arts and sciences of the Etruscans, as well as their institu- tions, religions rites, &c., the reader may consult the work of G. 0. Mllller, Die Etmsker, 2 vols. 8vo. Breslau, 1828; and an excellent abridgment by the same author in the article Hefrurim, in Ersch and Gruber's Enctfclopaediaf 1830, republished in Mtii- ler's Kkine Schriften^ vol. i. pp. 129 — 219: also Micali, Storia degli AnUcki PopoU ItaHani, 3 vols. Florence, 1832; and Abeken, MiUel-ItaUen, 8vo. Stuttgart, 1843. The extant monuments and re- mains are fully described by Dennis, CUiu and Ce- meteries of Etrunoy 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1848. Il- lustrations of tiie works of art will be found in the plates to Micali's work above cited, and in his Mo- numerUi Ineditiy 1844. A more numerous suite is given in the older work of Dempster, EtrvriaRega- k lis, 3 vols. fol. 1723—1767, and by Inglrami, Mo- I numenti Etntschi, 7 vols. 4to. 1821 — 1826 ; also in the Monumenti Inediti published by the Instituio di Corrispondema Archeologiea at Rome, a work of which the text or Annali also contains much va- luable information concerning Etruscan antiquities.) VIII. TOPOOIUPHT. The physical features of Etruria have been already described, and it therefore only remains to notice the towns, which may be enumerated according to the natural divisions of the country. 1. N. of the Amus were: Luka, Luca, Pisae, PnroiuA, Faesulak, and Florentia, all considerable towns, which are described in separate articles. Besides these, we find in Ptolemy (iii. 1. § 47) the names of Virace- lum, supposed to be Verrueola in the npper valley of the SerehiOf and Bondelia, which cannot be iden- tified : but he places in this part of Etruria also « colony of the name of Lucus Fbroncae, which cannot therefore be the same place with the one mentioned by Pliny and other writers in Southern Etruria: but it is very doubtful whether this is not a mere error on the part of Ptolemy. [Feroniae Lucus.] 2. Between the Amus and tiie Umbro were: Sena, Volatbrrae, Populonium, and RusELLAE, together with several smaller places or ports on the coast, which must have been dependen- cies of the inland cities: viz. Portus Pisanus, Portos Herculis I/i^)roniB or Libumi, Vada VoUterrana, Portus Faleria, and Portus Trajanns. 3. In the valley of the CUnis, or between that river and the Tiber, were the four powerful cities of Arretium, CoRTONA, Clusium, and Pbrusia. 4. S. of the Umbro and proceeding from that river to the Tiber were the important cities of VoLsnai, Vetulonia, CoBA, VuLci, TARQumn, Caere, Veii, and Fa- LERii. But besides these there were in this part of Etruria a number of other towns, some of them scarcely inferior to those Just mentioned, others known to us from the occurrence of their names in the early wars of the Romans with the Etruscans, others again whose names are found only in Pliny or Ptolemy, but which are proved by existing remains to have been places of considoration, and ancient Etruscan sites. Of these the following must be mentioned. Between the Umbro and the Marta were Saturnia, Suana, Statonla,, Sudertuu, andTuacAinA. Eba, mentioned only by Ptolemy ETYMA]!n)RUS. (iii. 1. § 49), is placed by him within ibe same limits : and the Verentum or Vesentum of Pllny (iii 5. s. 8) may probably be phu»d near the Lake of BoUena. Further to Uie S. wereFERENTUX, Blkra, SuTRiuM, Nepbte, Forum Cassii, Forum Glo- DU, Sabate, and Gapena: and in the valley of ths Tiber, N. of Falerii, were Fesgenkiuk, Uobta, PoLiMARTiuM, and Herbanum. Along the coast (proceeding from the mouth of the Umbro to that of the Tiber) were the Portub Telamobis, Portus Herculis or Go8anus,GRAyi8CAE,C£iiTuvcELiJLs, Gastrum Novum, Ptrgi, Alsium, Fregekae, and the Portus Anousn at the mouth of the Tiber. This southern portion of Etruria contained also namerons watering-places, which werefreqaented in the time of the Roman dominion, and probably at an earlier period also, on account <^ their mineral waters: among these may be mentioned the Aquab Apolunares, Aquae Pabsbris, and Aquae Tauri, at which last a considerable town had grovn up, so that the " Aquenses Taurini** are enumerated by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 8) among the municipal comma- nities of Etruria. The Aquae Gaeretanae also had given rise to a town, which in Strabo's time vis better peopled than the andent city of Gaere (Strah. V. p. 220), of which it nevertheless continued a dependency, as did the Aquae Popiloniae and Aqoae Volaterranae of the respective cities firom which they derived their name. Martial alludes (vi. 42) to the abundance and fashionable repute <^ these Etruscan watering-places in his time. Two odwr sites which most be placed also in this part of Etruria were theFANUM Voltumnae, the meeting- place of the federal assemblies (^ the Etruscans; and the Lucus Feboniae, which seems to have been situated near the foot of Soracte. In the above enumeration of Etruscan towns, the mere stations or obscure villages on the high roads, known only from the Itineraries, have been omitted. Their names will be found in the articles of the Viae on which they were situated. Of these, there were three great high roads proceeding from Rome and traversing Etruria almost in its whole extent 1. The Via Aureua, which led from RoiAe to Al- sium, and from thence followed the line of the sea- coast as closely as possible all the way to Pisae. and from thence to Luna, where it was joined by the Via Glodia. 2. The Via Gabbia led from Rome through the heart of Etruria by Sutrium, Vulsinii, and Glu- sium to Arretium, from whence it was c<mtinned across the mountains to Bononia (Gic. PhiL xii. 9; Liv. xxxix. 2), while another branch led from Ar- retium to Florentia, and thence by Pistoria to Luca. This last line b called in the Itinerary of Antoninus the Via Glodia, and that name, though not men- tioned by Gicero, seems to have in laier times be- come the prevalent one (Orell. Inscr. 3143). 3. The Via Glodia, properly to called, was interme- diate between the other two ; and led by Biers, Tuscania, Satumia, Rusellae, and Sena, to Florentia, where it joined the preceding routCL. There is, bow- ever, some confusion between the two, which is discussed under the articles Via Gassia and Via Glodia. Besides these, the firat part of the Via Flaminia, from the Mulvian bridge till it recrossed the Tiber near Ocriculum, lay tkrough Etruria; as well as the Via Amexina, which branched off from the Gassia at Baocanae, and led through Nepe and Falerii to Ameria. [Ameria.] [£. H. B.] ETYMANDRUS CETiJ/*ay5po$), & river in Dran- giaoa,aAual]ywrittea£rymandnis. [EBXiiANOBca]
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