1010 GRADUM AD. chns, who placed new setUera in it, alter his oonqoert of Celtiberxa. It belonged to the oonvente* of Cae- aanugusta, and was a immtic^pnim, with the ehiitxi Romano. (Lit. Fr, xii., EjnL zii., compu Freinsh. Stippt^ Lir. xiL 4 : Festos, $. «. ; Plin. iiL S. s. 4 ; Itin, AnL p. 450 ; Coins ap. Florei, Med. de Etp, Tol. ii. p. 448; Mionnet, vol. L p. 44, Soppl. vol i, p. 88; Sestini, pw 52; Eckhel, toL L p. 60; Ukeit. Toi. U. pt. 1. p. 448.) [P-S.] GRADUM, AD, or GRADUS, AD. The Mari- time Itin. of the south oosst <d Gallia makes it a distance of 16 M. P., ** a fossis ad gradnm Masai- litanomm flarios Rhodanus;" and then 30 M. P.
- a gradn per flaviom Rhodanom Arelatnm." The
Fossae are ihe Fossae Marianae {F<»4e9'Martignet)y and ^ ad gradom " most be one of the old moalhs of the Rhone. The site of " ad gradom" is supposed bj some French writers to be Gakjon. Ammianns Marcellinos (xr. 11) describes the Rhone as entering the sea "per patolnm sinom qoem Tocant Ad Gradns." There may have been several Gradns at the mouths of the Rhone, for "gradns" is a landing- place, or steps for gettmg in and oat of ships (Valer. Max. iii. 6) ; and IVAnYille observes that the name Grsdns is not limited to the mouths of the Rhone, but ooeun on the coasts of Spain and Italy, where it is pronounced Grao and Grath. Ammianua places this *' sinus" IS miles from Aries, which is a great deal too little. The word "scahi," a Latin word of the same meaning, adopted by the Greeks, IS also used to signify a landing>pbKe or maritune town in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. [G.L.] GRAE'GI A, the name given by the Romans to the country called Hellas ('EAAcfs : £(A.*EAip,pl*£X. Aifyci) by the inhabitants themselres. Itis proposed in the foUowii^ article to give a brief outline of the phy- sical peculiarities of the country, and to make a few geuerid remarks upon the characteristic features of its geography. The following sketch must be filled up by referring to the names of the political divisions (St Greece, under which the reader will find a detailed account of the geography of the country. The ge- neral political history of the country, and discussions respecting its early inhabitants, are purposely omitted, as these subjects more properly belong to a history of Greece, and could not be treated here at sufficient length to be of real value to the student I. Nahe. The word ffeUae was used originally to signify a small district of Phthiotis in Thessaly, containing a town of the same name. (Horn. //. ii. 683 ; Thuc. i. 3 ; Strab. ix. pk 431; Dicaearch. p. 21, ed. Hudson; Steph. B. a. v. '£AAas.) From this district the Hel- lenes gradually spread over the rest of Greece; but even in the time of Homer their name had not be^ come common to the whole Greek nation. The poet usually calls the Greeks by the names of Duiai, Achaei, or Argeii ; and the only passage (//. ii. 530) in which the name of Pan-Hellenes oocun was re- jected by Aristarchus and otlier ancient commen- taton, as spurious. But at the commencement of Grecian history we find all the memben of the Hel- lenic race distinguished by this name, and glorying in their descent from a common ancestor, Hellen. And not only so, but they gave to every district in which they were settled the name of Hellas, which was thus the land of the Hellenes, and did not indi- oate any particular country, bounded by certain geo- graphical limits. In this general sense the most distant Hellenic colonies belonged to HeUas; and QRABCIA. aocoidingly we read that tha dtSea of Crrcne ia Africa, of Syracuse in Sidly, and of Tai e utiuu m luly, formed as essential parts of HeOas ss the cities of Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. (CompL Hend. 2. 182, iiL 136, viL 157; Thoc. L 12.) Besides this exteorive use of the word, as tlie knd of the Hellenes, Hdlas was also cmplojed m a mqse restricted sense to signify all the eoontry soBtli ol the Ambncian gulf and the mouth of the river PeoeiaB, as fiur as the isUmius of Corinth. In tliis sjgiiiii ca- tion it is called by Dicaearchoa and Scylax Comti^ mom BeUoM (4 'E^Xia cmrcxi^), by modem vrriten BeOas Proper, The two former vrriten stated that Continuous HeUas commcnoed with the town and gulf of Ambrada on the Ionian aea, and extended as fiur as Mount Horoole and the month of the Peneius, on the opposite side. Epboms, in fike manner, makes HeUas commfnce at Acanania. (Scybo, p. 12, ed. Hudson ; Dicsearch. 31, p. 3; Ephor. op. Strah, viii. p. 334.) Aoeocding to these ao6onnts, the noorthem frontier of HeUas waa a line drawn from the Ambradan gulf npwaids wlaog Mu Pindus, and then at right angles to the latter, along the Cambunian mountains, to the mouth of the P^ neius. Epeurus consequently formed no pert of Hellas; for, though there was a mixtnre of Hdloae blood among the Epeirot tribes, they diliered too widely in their habits and general characterfiren the great body of the Hellenes, to be entitled to a plaee among the latter. The same remark wonld apply, vrith even still greater force, to some ef the moon- taineen of Aetolia, who are described by Thncydidss as eating raw meat and speaking a language wlnefa was unintelligible. (Thuc. iii 102.) There seems to have been some discrqiaacy icspect- ing the exact boundaries of Hellas Proper. When the Aetolians called upon the hut Philip of Macedon te withdraw firom HelUs, he retorted by asking them where they wonld fix its boundaries? and bj remind- ing them that the greater part of their own body not HeUenes, adding, ** The tribes of the of the Apodoti, and of the Amphilochi, are not HeUas." (Polyb. zvii. 5; quoted by ThiriwaU, voL L p. 4.) Herodotus, in opposition to the preceding aoceonts^ appeara to have extended the boundaries of HcQas north of the Ambrscian gulf, and to have reg ar ded the Thesprotians as HeUenes. (Herod. IL 56.) On the other hand, some ancient writos would even exclude Thessaly from HeUas, and wonld make as its northern boundary a line drawn from the Am- brscian to the Malic gulf: but Dicaearchns jnstly argues that the country in which the original HeUas was situated ought surely to be induded under thaa name (p. 21, seq.). Pdoponnesus, or the Island of Pekps, formed no part of Hellas Proper, although it was of eooree in- habited by Hellenes (Dicaearch. p. 20; PUn. it. 4. s. 5); but sometimes Pdoponnesus and the Greek islands were included under the general name of Hellas, in opposition to the land of the bariiarians. (Dem. Phil, iiL p. 118; Died. xL 39; camp. Strah. viii. p. 334.) At a later period, when the Macedo- nian monarchs had become mastera of Hdlas, and had extended the Hdlenic language and dvilisatioa over a great part of Asia, Macedonia and the Boathem part of lUyria were induded in Hdlas. Thna we find that Strabo (vii. p. 332) caUs M«^^4i"ffl Hellaa; but he immediately adds, rw fidmt rf ^^ci r^ r69t»¥ dicoXovBovKrti Ktd r^ ox^ftart x*ipit li«¥ aMir Awh v^f ftXA^t *EXA<(5os -ndC^ai, &&
